{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T22:27:37Z","timestamp":1768688857831,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the increased availability of hybrid PET\/MRI in recent years, this method is increasingly used for neuroimaging in clinical practice. It combines the advantages of MRI (including high-resolution imaging of intracerebral lesions and data provided from specialised MRI sequences) with the benefits of PET, which visualises functional alterations in the brain, as well as assesses the myelin quantity changes and the severity of inflammation. The use of PET\/MRI may help to eliminate the limitations of MRI indicated in imaging demyelinating inflammatory diseases (such as low specificity in imaging demyelination and a weak correlation of findings with clinical symptoms), as well as insufficient sensitivity in detecting lesions present in encephalitis. In addition to supporting the diagnosis of encephalitis, PET\/MRI facilitates monitoring of the disease course and assessing the treatment efficacy of inflammatory demyelinating diseases and encephalitis, as well as evaluating the risk of multiple sclerosis relapse. Further multi-centre longitudinal studies are necessary to assess the real clinical potential of PET\/MRI among patients with inflammatory demyelination or encephalitis. In addition to MS and AIE, these studies should also include other inflammatory demyelinating diseases (ADEM, NMO, NMOSD, and MOGAD) as well as encephalitis of viral and parasitic aetiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14082736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T06:12:06Z","timestamp":1744783926000},"page":"2736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of the Utility of Hybrid PET\/MR Neuroimaging in Inflammatory Demyelination and Encephalitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Rados\u0142aw","family":"Zawadzki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, M. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Naumowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, M. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Zalewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, M. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5695-1652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Zajkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, \u017burawia 14, 15-540 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo\u017cena","family":"Kubas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, M. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2024.08.006","article-title":"MRI findings in autoimmune encephalitis","volume":"180","author":"Hartung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a028969","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a028969","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Hemond","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2018.03.009","article-title":"Conventional and advanced MRI in multiple sclerosis","volume":"174","author":"Louapre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganzetti, M., Wenderoth, N., and Mantini, D. (2014). Whole brain myelin mapping using T1- and T2-weighted MR imaging data. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00671"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-103280","article-title":"MRI Sequences in Head & Neck Radiology\u2014State of the Art","volume":"189","author":"Widmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"RoFo"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"217","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging using FLAIR pulse sequence in white matter diseases","volume":"23","author":"Tourbah","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2022.01.003","article-title":"Subcortical infarction in a young adult with Hunter syndrome","volume":"44","author":"Kimura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"800","article-title":"The Value of Neuroimaging in Dementia Diagnosis","volume":"28","author":"Raji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Continuum"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458508094644","article-title":"3D MPRAGE improves classification of cortical lesions in multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Nelson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2015.01.002","article-title":"Advances in diffusion-weighted imaging","volume":"53","author":"Mannelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-012-2496-x","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging of normal brain development","volume":"43","author":"Yoshida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.04.002","article-title":"A qualitative and quantitative review of diffusion tensor imaging studies in reading and dyslexia","volume":"36","author":"Vandermosten","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Preedy, V.R. (2017). Chapter 40\u2014Chronic Cannabis Use and Axonal Fiber Connectivity. Handbook of Cannabis and Related Pathologies, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S229","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-132750","article-title":"Magnetization transfer imaging for in vivo detection of microstructural tissue changes in aging and dementia: A short literature review","volume":"42","author":"Seiler","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-009-1364-z","article-title":"MR spectroscopy (MRS) and magnetisation transfer imaging (MTI), lesion load and clinical scores in early relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: A combined cross-sectional and longitudinal study","volume":"19","author":"Stiepani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30451-4","article-title":"Association between pathological and MRI findings in multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Filippi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3486","article-title":"Assessment of cortical damage in early multiple sclerosis with quantitative T2 relaxometry","volume":"29","author":"Gracien","year":"2016","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.295095034","article-title":"Principles, techniques, and applications of T2*-based MR imaging and its special applications","volume":"29","author":"Chavhan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519867320","article-title":"Profiles of cortical inflammation in multiple sclerosis by (11)C-PBR28 MR-PET and 7 Tesla imaging","volume":"26","author":"Herranz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2021203071","article-title":"Susceptibility-weighted Imaging: Technical Essentials and Clinical Neurologic Applications","volume":"299","author":"Haller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"263","article-title":"Inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system","volume":"145","author":"Lassmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13819","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis\u2014A review","volume":"26","author":"Dobson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.187","article-title":"Interactions between genetic, lifestyle and environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Olsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00362","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.362","article-title":"An update on immunopathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of multiple sclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Garg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000622","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: Clinical aspects","volume":"31","author":"Oh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000206","article-title":"Classification, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"28","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s53","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.16-6-s53","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis, a treatable disease","volume":"16","author":"Doshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belwal, P., and Singh, S. (2025). Deep Learning techniques to detect and analysis of multiple sclerosis through MRI: A systematic literature review. Comput. Biol. Med., 185.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2024.109530"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37297","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000037297","article-title":"Review of multiple sclerosis: Epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment","volume":"103","author":"Haki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24620","article-title":"Dynamic Imaging of Individual Remyelination Profiles in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"79","author":"Bodini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e46","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000000359","article-title":"PET in multiple sclerosis","volume":"40","author":"Niccolini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bao, W., Xie, F., Zuo, C., Guan, Y., and Huang, Y.H. (2021). PET Neuroimaging of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Radiotracers and Their Utility in Clinical Research. Front. Aging Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.624330"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-019-04516-z","article-title":"Repurposing radiotracers for myelin imaging: A study comparing 18F-florbetaben, 18F-florbetapir, 18F-flutemetamol,11C-MeDAS, and 11C-PiB","volume":"47","author":"Auvity","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-019-04533-y","article-title":"[(18)F]Florbetapir PET\/MR imaging to assess demyelination in multiple sclerosis","volume":"47","author":"Carotenuto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100982","article-title":"18F-florbetapir PET\/MRI for quantitatively monitoring myelin loss and recovery in patients with multiple sclerosis: A longitudinal study","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-022-05899-2","article-title":"Innate immune cells and myelin profile in multiple sclerosis: A multi- tracer PET\/MR study","volume":"49","author":"Pitombeira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120338","article-title":"Impact of post-contrast MRI in the definition of active multiple sclerosis","volume":"440","author":"Gentili","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103331","article-title":"Myelin imaging measures as predictors of cognitive impairment in MS patients: A hybrid PET-MRI study","volume":"57","author":"Campanholo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2917","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24568","article-title":"Comparing MRI metrics to quantify white matter microstructural damage in multiple sclerosis","volume":"40","author":"Lipp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcac088","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcac088","article-title":"Quantitative magnetization transfer imaging in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"York","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24791","article-title":"Neuroinflammatory component of gray matter pathology in multiple sclerosis","volume":"80","author":"Herranz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2566","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae030","article-title":"Characterization of cortico-meningeal translocator protein expression in multiple sclerosis","volume":"147","author":"Herranz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519843048","article-title":"Evidence of diffuse cerebellar neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis by (11)C-PBR28 MR-PET","volume":"26","author":"Barletta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104750","article-title":"Deep learning-based PET\/MR radiomics for the classification of annualized relapse rate in multiple sclerosis","volume":"75","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, R., Ji, B., Kong, Y., Qin, L., Ren, W., Guan, Y., and Ni, R. (2021). PET Imaging of Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.739130"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106350","article-title":"The association between white matter chronic inflammation and degeneration in multiple sclerosis: A combined 11C-PBR28 PET-MRI study","volume":"96","author":"Tommasin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17562864241284372","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864241284372","article-title":"Beyond lines of treatment: Embracing early high-efficacy disease-modifying treatments for multiple sclerosis management","volume":"17","author":"Eichau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2015.06.002","article-title":"A spectrum of inflammation and demyelination in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) of children","volume":"14","author":"Esposito","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53488-0.00035-3","article-title":"Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis","volume":"123","author":"Javed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-019-0568-8","article-title":"F-florbetapir PET\/MRI for quantitatively monitoring demyelination and remyelination in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e137","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000003879","article-title":"Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis in FET PET\/MR","volume":"47","author":"Lohaus","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.18-2-155","article-title":"Acute encephalitis\u2014Diagnosis and management","volume":"18","author":"Ellul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e230397","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.230397","article-title":"Microglial Activation Imaging Using 18F-DPA-714 PET\/MRI for Detecting Autoimmune Encephalitis","volume":"310","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527319666200708133103","article-title":"Autoimmune Encephalitis: Current Knowledge on Subtypes, Disease Mechanisms and Treatment","volume":"19","author":"Nissen","year":"2020","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00401-9","article-title":"A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis","volume":"15","author":"Graus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-024-03318-x","article-title":"Autoimmune encephalitis: What the radiologist needs to know","volume":"66","author":"Sanvito","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0000000000001222","article-title":"Utility of brain fluorodeoxyglucose PET in children with possible autoimmune encephalitis","volume":"41","author":"Aydos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Commun."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7592","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12690-w","article-title":"18F-DPA714 PET\/MRI as a potential imaging tool for detecting possible antibody-negative autoimmune encephalitis: A prospective study","volume":"271","author":"Meng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00083-2","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for autoimmune encephalitis: Utility and pitfalls for antibody-negative disease","volume":"22","author":"Dalmau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deuschl, C., R\u00fcber, T., Ernst, L., Fendler, W.P., Kirchner, J., M\u00f6nninghoff, C., Herrmann, K., Quesada, C.M., Forsting, M., and Elger, C.E. (2020). 18F-FDG-PET\/MRI in the diagnostic work-up of limbic encephalitis. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227906"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabq7595","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abq7595","article-title":"Translational imaging of TSPO reveals pronounced innate inflammation in human and murine CD8 T cell-mediated limbic encephalitis","volume":"9","author":"Gallus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.4103\/ijnm.IJNM_147_17","article-title":"Simultaneous 18F- FDG PET\/MRI in Autoimmune Limbic Encephalitis","volume":"33","author":"Taneja","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"196","article-title":"F-FDG PET for the diagnosis and assessment of treatment response of autoimmune limbic encephalitis","volume":"42","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Med. Nucl. Imagen Mol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.11369","article-title":"Ovarian Teratoma or Uterine Malformation? PET\/MRI as a Novel Useful Tool in NMDAR Encephalitis","volume":"32","author":"Camporese","year":"2018","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebcr.2015.02.002","article-title":"A case study of voltage-gated potassium channel antibody-related limbic encephalitis with PET\/MRI findings","volume":"4","author":"Day","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2020.06.019","article-title":"Anti-Ma encephalitis masquerading as Wernicke encephalopathy","volume":"79","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3653","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12302-7","article-title":"[18F]DPA-714-PET-MRI reveals pronounced innate immunity in human anti-LGI1 and anti-CASPR2 limbic encephalitis","volume":"271","author":"Roll","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cecchin, D., Zoccarato, M., and Anglani, M. (2021). Case 39: Limbic Encephalitis. Clinical Nuclear Medicine in Neurology: An Atlas of Challenging Cases, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-83598-9_39"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2022.100535","article-title":"Antibody-mediated autoimmune encephalitis evaluated by","volume":"26","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun. Health"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e88","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14004","article-title":"Combined brain positron emission tomography\/magnetic resonance imaging in GABAA receptor encephalitis","volume":"26","author":"Vacchiano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.577114","article-title":"Anti-dipeptidyl-peptidase-like protein 6 encephalitis, a rare cause of reversible rapid progressive dementia and insomnia","volume":"339","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"249","article-title":"18F-FDG PET\/MR in herpes simplex virus encephalitis: A case study","volume":"33","author":"Schillaci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Med. Nucl. Imagen Mol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2021.05.012","article-title":"Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome in HIV encephalitis: Treatment and PET\/MRI functional changes","volume":"178","author":"Pompanin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"e32066","article-title":"Paraneoplastic Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome as a Rare Presentation of Small-Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"14","author":"Moreira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25261","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000025261","article-title":"Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome with severe clinical course and beneficial outcome: A case report","volume":"100","author":"Koszewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9138-7","article-title":"Update on opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome in adults","volume":"266","author":"Oh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8389-4","article-title":"Longitudinal multi-modal neuroimaging in opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome","volume":"264","author":"Oh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-023-06110-w","article-title":"[18F]FDG PET in conditions associated with hyperkinetic movement disorders and ataxia: A systematic review","volume":"50","author":"Timmers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e110","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0b013e3182817ad8","article-title":"Neurocysticercosis on 18F-FDG PET\/MRI: Co-registered Images","volume":"39","author":"Jolepalem","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/8\/2736\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:15:34Z","timestamp":1760030134000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/8\/2736"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14082736"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14082736","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]}}}