{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T13:43:43Z","timestamp":1782135823506,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Victor Babe\u0219 University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timi\u0219oara"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Tuberculosis and COVID-19 co-infection poses significant clinical challenges, with pulmonary TB (PTB) and extrapulmonary TB (extraPTB) potentially influencing disease progression and outcomes differently. This study aims to compare the clinical manifestations, inflammatory markers, and outcomes between PTB and extraPTB patients with SARS-CoV-2 co-infection. Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted on 55 hospitalized adults with TB-COVID-19 co-infection from March 2020 to March 2022. Patients were divided into PTB (n = 32) and extraPTB (n = 23) groups. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and imaging data were collected and analyzed using statistical models, including ANCOVA, LASSO regression, and Random Forest classification, to identify key predictors of hospitalization duration and mortality. Results: PTB patients had significantly lower BMI, worse oxygenation status, and greater lung involvement on CT compared to extraPTB patients. CRP was elevated in PTB, while IL-6 levels were higher in extraPTB. Hospitalization duration was primarily influenced by inflammatory and coagulation markers (IL-6, D-dimer, neutrophil count, systemic inflammatory index), while higher BMI was associated with shorter stays. Mortality risk was strongly correlated with oxygenation impairment (worst SpO2, SpO2 at diagnosis), inflammatory burden (CRP, LDH), and CT severity score, rather than TB localization. Conclusions: TB localization did not independently affect hospitalization duration or mortality risk. Instead, severe lung involvement, systemic inflammation, and hypoxemia were the strongest predictors of poor outcomes. These findings emphasize the importance of early risk stratification based on respiratory and inflammatory markers to optimize patient management. Further research is needed to clarify the long-term impact of TB-COVID-19 co-infection, particularly in extraPTB cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14082782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T20:05:56Z","timestamp":1744920356000},"page":"2782","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparative Insights into COVID-19 and Tuberculosis: Clinical Manifestations, Inflammatory Markers, and Outcomes in Pulmonary Versus Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis and SARS-CoV-2 Co-Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0377-0492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camil","family":"Mihuta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Doctoral Studies, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases and Pneumology \u201cDr. Victor Babes\u201d, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Research and Innovation in Precision Medicine of Respiratory Diseases (CRIPMRD), \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6006-8443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Socaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases and Pneumology \u201cDr. Victor Babes\u201d, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Biology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVasile Goldis\u201d Western University of Arad, 310025 Arad, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5188-7479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Hogea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases and Pneumology \u201cDr. Victor Babes\u201d, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Research and Innovation in Precision Medicine of Respiratory Diseases (CRIPMRD), \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6667-3185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuela","family":"Tudorache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases and Pneumology \u201cDr. Victor Babes\u201d, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Research and Innovation in Precision Medicine of Respiratory Diseases (CRIPMRD), \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6171-8030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica Simina","family":"Mihuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Center of Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Oancea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases and Pneumology \u201cDr. Victor Babes\u201d, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Research and Innovation in Precision Medicine of Respiratory Diseases (CRIPMRD), \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, October 29). 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