{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T05:37:07Z","timestamp":1782193027489,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Flexible bronchoscopy and its new methods have revolutionized the era of the diagnosis, staging, and restaging of lung cancer. A rare late complication is post-bronchoscopy respiratory infection, but it is critical due to treatment delays, treatment cancellation, and death. The aim of this study is to identify risk factors for respiratory tract infection after bronchoscopy in patients with lung cancer. Methods: A retrospective single-center observational study of 182 hospitalized patients was conducted at U.G.H. \u201cATTIKON\u201d who underwent bronchoscopy for diagnosis\/staging\/restaging of lung cancer from January 2022 to April 2023. Patients were divided into two groups based on whether or not they developed post-bronchoscopy respiratory infection. Results: Analyzing the data between the groups, several potential risk factors for infection were identified, including recent hospitalization for COVID-19 within the last month (OR: 6.16; p = 0.01), history of COPD (OR: 8; p = 0.03), presence of emphysema on CT scan (OR: 8; p = 0.03), endobronchial lesions causing \u2265 50% bronchial obstruction with inability to advance the bronchoscope (OR: 9.6; p &lt; 0.01), increased white blood cell count (\u22658.5 K\/\u03bcL) before bronchoscopy (OR: 8; p = 0.03), and advanced stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer (OR: 9.67; p = 0.02). Conclusions: Comparing our results with previous studies on risk factors for respiratory infections after bronchoscopy, we found that recent hospitalization for SARS-CoV-2 infection was a unique finding in our study. With the increasing incidence of lung cancer worldwide and the critical role of bronchoscopy in diagnosis\/staging\/restaging, large multicenter studies are needed to identify these risk factors and develop strategies for early detection, treatment, and prevention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14082848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T04:57:11Z","timestamp":1745211431000},"page":"2848","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Risk Factors for Post-Bronchoscopy Respiratory Infection in Lung Cancer Patients\u2014A Retrospective Case\u2013Control Study from a Center in Greece"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7546-9925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasileios","family":"Papavasileiou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Respiratory Medicine Department, \u201cAttikon\u201d University General Hospital, 12461 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Raptakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Respiratory Medicine Department, \u201cAttikon\u201d University General Hospital, 12461 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3973-7838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Lavasidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evidence-Based Medicine Unit, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, University Campus, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5714-7263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Niotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Internal Medicine Department, \u201cAttikon\u201d University General Hospital, 12461 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4425-7495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katerina","family":"Papavasileiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IQVIA HELLAS A.E., 12461 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanos","family":"Lampadakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Respiratory Medicine Department, \u201cAttikon\u201d University General Hospital, 12461 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Athanasopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Respiratory Medicine Department, \u201cAttikon\u201d University General Hospital, 12461 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9851-3323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavlos","family":"Siozos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Respiratory Medicine Department, \u201cAttikon\u201d University General Hospital, 12461 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalliopi Theoni","family":"Vandorou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Respiratory Medicine Department, \u201cAttikon\u201d University General Hospital, 12461 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garyfallia","family":"Nizami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, \u201cELPIS\u201d General Hospital of Athens, 12461 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4278-9922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stelios","family":"Loukides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Respiratory Medicine Department, \u201cAttikon\u201d University General Hospital, 12461 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilektra","family":"Voulgareli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Respiratory Medicine Department, \u201cAttikon\u201d University General Hospital, 12461 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inamura, K. 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