{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:13:16Z","timestamp":1791587596561,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Iron deficiency (ID) is a common comorbidity in heart failure (HF), affecting nearly 50% of patients and worsening symptoms, exercise capacity, and prognosis. This review summarizes recent evidence from meta-analyses, clinical trials, and guidelines on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of ID in HF. ID in HF results from chronic inflammation, intestinal congestion, and impaired iron metabolism. Diagnosis is based on serum ferritin and transferrin saturation (TSAT) levels. While oral iron therapy has limited efficacy, intravenous iron, particularly ferric carboxymaltose and ferric derisomaltose, improves symptoms and exercise tolerance and reduces hospitalizations. Timely diagnosis and treatment of ID in HF are essential. Intravenous iron is the preferred therapeutic approach, but further research is needed to optimize long-term management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14092934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T06:18:02Z","timestamp":1745475482000},"page":"2934","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Iron Deficiency Treatment in Heart Failure\u2014Challenges and Therapeutic Solutions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lucre\u021bia","family":"Anghel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Apostle Andrew Emergency County Clinical Hospital, 177 Brailei St., 800578 Galati, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d University, 35 AI Cuza St., 800010 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ciprian","family":"Dinu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dentistry Department, Medicine & Pharmacy Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University, 47 Domneasca Str., 800008 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Patra\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Apostle Andrew Emergency County Clinical Hospital, 177 Brailei St., 800578 Galati, Romania"},{"name":"Doctoral School Biomedicine Science, University Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0740-3702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anamaria","family":"Ciubar\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d University, 35 AI Cuza St., 800010 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iulia","family":"Chiscop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Surgical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d University, 800008 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3627","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad195","article-title":"2023 Focused Update of the 2021 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure: Developed by the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) with the Special Contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC","volume":"44","author":"McDonagh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. 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