{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T15:29:00Z","timestamp":1792682940415,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Preoperative anxiety affects approximately 80% of adult patients; thus, identifying patients with excessive anxiety and implementing appropriate interventions can significantly reduce the risk of deterioration during the perioperative period. This narrative review presents current knowledge about pharmacological and nonpharmacological methods for reducing preoperative anxiety. Commonly used pharmacological options include benzodiazepines, ketamine, or fentanyl. Antidepressants have also been shown to be effective in alleviating symptoms, but they typically require four weeks to take effect. Establishment of supportive relationships with medical staff to help patients express their feelings have been shown to have a positive impact on anxiety reduction. Other nonpharmacological methods include the provision of information through informed consent forms, video materials, virtual reality, or the use of psychotherapeutic interventions such as breathing techniques, music therapy, or cognitive\u2013behavioural therapy. Some studies suggest that essential oils may have a role in reducing perioperative anxiety. Nonpharmacological interventions can be used in patients of different ages. An increasing number of researchers advocate for a holistic approach that integrates less invasive and cost-effective interventions with conventional medicine. While various interventions have been proposed to manage preoperative anxiety, more research is needed to establish the most effective and feasible interventions for different patient populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14092940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T08:08:41Z","timestamp":1745482121000},"page":"2940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Decreasing Preoperative Anxiety in Patients with Newly Available Multimodal Approaches\u2014A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Weronika","family":"Kisielewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University in Siedlce, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4912-4413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Ko\u015bci\u00f3\u0142ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weronika","family":"Kowalczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Mitura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidia","family":"Mitura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylwester","family":"Rogula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr Konrad","family":"Leszczy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University in Siedlce, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7159-4254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Antosik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University in Siedlce, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2227-4550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kryspin","family":"Mitura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University in Siedlce, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland"},{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Hospital in Siedlce, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, X., Zhang, Y., Wei, W., and Zhu, J. 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