{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T21:00:03Z","timestamp":1784581203201,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wroclaw Medical University","award":["SUBZ.A510.25.056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBZ.A510.25.056"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Primary cutaneous lymphomas (CLs) are a group of skin-limited lymphoproliferative disorders, including cutaneous T-cell (CTCLs) and B-cell lymphomas (CBCLs). Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a non-invasive, light-activated treatment, has gained attention as a skin-directed therapy for early-stage CLs due to its selectivity and favorable safety profile. This systematic review evaluates the current evidence on the clinical use of PDT in managing CLs. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Embase through 1 September 2024 following PRISMA guidelines. Search terms included \u201cprimary cutaneous skin lymphoma\u201d, \u201cCTCL\u201d, \u201cCBCL\u201d, \u201cmycosis fungoides\u201d, \u201clymphomatoid papulosis\u201d, and \u201cphotodynamic therapy\u201d. After screening 1033 records, 30 studies were included. Data were extracted and categorized by lymphoma subtype and clinical outcomes. Results: Of the included studies, 23 focused on mycosis fungoides (MF), 5 on lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP), and 2 on CBCL. PDT demonstrated notable clinical efficacy in early-stage and localized disease, particularly MF, using methyl aminolevulinate (MAL) or 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) as photosensitizers. Adjunctive techniques like microneedling and laser-assisted delivery improved treatment outcomes. PDT was generally well tolerated, with mild, transient side effects; rare complications such as localized neuropathy were reported. Conclusions: PDT is a promising, non-invasive treatment for early-stage CLs, especially MF and indolent CBCL variants. While current evidence supports its safety and effectiveness, further comparative and prospective studies are needed to refine protocols, evaluate long-term efficacy, and compare different photosensitizers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14092956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T11:44:52Z","timestamp":1745495092000},"page":"2956","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Photodynamic Therapy in Primary Cutaneous Skin Lymphoma\u2014Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Adam","family":"Zalewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Oncodermatology, University Centre of General Dermatology and Oncodermatology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5695-5998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Witold","family":"Musia\u0142","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Chemistry and Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4944-5388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Jankowska-Konsur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Oncodermatology, University Centre of General Dermatology and Oncodermatology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3768","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-09-3502","article-title":"WHO-EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas","volume":"105","author":"Willemze","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-11-881268","article-title":"The 2018 update of the WHO-EORTC classification for primary cutaneous lymphomas","volume":"133","author":"Willemze","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.07.049","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy\u2014Mechanisms, photosensitizers and combinations","volume":"106","author":"Kwiatkowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2018.09.001","article-title":"Mycosis Fungoides and S\u00e9zary Syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Larocca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-023-01464-8","article-title":"What Is New in Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma?","volume":"25","author":"Morgenroth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.21922.1","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding and managing cutaneous T-cell lymphomas","volume":"9","author":"Brunner","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2022.104108","article-title":"Recent advances on cutaneous lymphoma epidemiology","volume":"51","author":"Dobos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Presse Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5051","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-12-0604","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of 1263 patients with mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary syndrome from 1982 to 2009","volume":"18","author":"Talpur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2022.07.014","article-title":"A Practical Review of the Presentation, Diagnosis, and Management of Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphomas","volume":"41","author":"Goyal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dermatol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"205","article-title":"What is new about primary cutaneous B cell lymphomas","volume":"158","author":"Blanchard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ital. J. Dermatol. Venerol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kessel, D. (2019). Photodynamic Therapy: A Brief History. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8101581"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S1572-1000(05)00007-4","article-title":"Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: Part one\u2014Photosensitizers, photochemistry and cellular localization","volume":"1","author":"Castano","year":"2004","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correia, J.H., Rodrigues, J.A., Pimenta, S., Dong, T., and Yang, Z. (2021). Photodynamic Therapy Review: Principles, Photosensitizers, Applications, and Future Directions. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13091332"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1572-1000(05)00030-X","article-title":"Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: Part two\u2014Cellular signaling, cell metabolism and modes of cell death","volume":"2","author":"Castano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2017.06.010","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy in dermatology beyond non-melanoma cancer: An update","volume":"19","author":"Wen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s13671-016-0154-5","article-title":"Current Advances in 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Mediated Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"5","author":"Thunshelle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Dermatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1039\/b712847a","article-title":"ALA and its clinical impact, from bench to bedside","volume":"7","author":"Krammer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4185","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CS00173B","article-title":"Recent progress in photosensitizers for overcoming the challenges of photodynamic therapy: From molecular design to application","volume":"50","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soliman, N., Sol, V., Ouk, T.-S., Thomas, C.M., and Gasser, G. (2020). Encapsulation of a Ru(II) Polypyridyl Complex into Polylactide Nanoparticles for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12100961"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2010.02.001","article-title":"Oncologic photodynamic therapy photosensitizers: A clinical review","volume":"7","author":"Allison","year":"2010","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2011.03.256","article-title":"Light-emitting diode based illumination system for in vitro photodynamic therapy","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2013.46.1.7","article-title":"Advance in photosensitizers and light delivery for photodynamic therapy","volume":"46","author":"Yoon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.20114","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy of cancer: An update","volume":"61","author":"Agostinis","year":"2011","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S167498","article-title":"Clinical utility of daylight photodynamic therapy in the treatment of actinic keratosis\u2014A review of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-018-0360-y","article-title":"Daylight Photodynamic Therapy for Actinic Keratoses","volume":"19","author":"Morton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s101030050064","article-title":"Parameters Affecting Photodynamic Activity of Foscan\u00ae or Meta-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (mTHPC) In Vitro and In Vivo","volume":"13","author":"Rezzoug","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2011.00619.x","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy for a hypertrophic scarring: A promising choice","volume":"27","author":"Bruscino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.6.000770","article-title":"Characterizing low fluence thresholds for in vitro photodynamic therapy","volume":"6","author":"Hartl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-0960.2008.00505.x","article-title":"Successful treatment of lymphomatoid papulosis with photodynamic therapy","volume":"50","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2009","journal-title":"Australas. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2019.01.007","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy can prevent recurrence of lymphomatoid papulosis","volume":"25","author":"Arimatsu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.14244","article-title":"A case of pediatric lymphomatoid papulosis treated with photodynamic therapy and narrowband ultraviolet B","volume":"37","author":"Snider","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15394","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15394","article-title":"Leg paralysis after photodynamic therapy for lymphomatoid papulosis: A case report","volume":"35","author":"Genco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.16759","article-title":"Refractory lymphomatoid papulosis successfully treated with IFN-\u03b12a and photodynamic therapy","volume":"62","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1002\/jvc2.220","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerance of photodynamic therapy with methyl-aminolevulinic acid in early-stage mycosis fungoides: A real-life retrospective study","volume":"2","author":"Barrachin","year":"2023","journal-title":"JEADV Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2022.103022","article-title":"Follicular mucinosis successfully treated by photodynamic therapy: Two case reports","volume":"39","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.13936","article-title":"Localized mycosis fungoides treated with laser-assisted photodynamic therapy: A case series","volume":"44","author":"Dairi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"343","article-title":"Mycosis fungoides showing incomplete response to topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid phototherapy","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2016.07.011","article-title":"Observation of clinical efficacy of photodynamic therapy in 3 patients with refractory plaque-stage mycosis fungoides","volume":"16","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13483","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy with intradermal application of 5-aminolevulinic acid successfully improved tumor lesions of mycosis fungoides","volume":"56","author":"Kabata","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12064","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy with methyl aminolaevulinate for cervical and\/or facial lesions of folliculotropic mycosis fungoides: Interest and limits","volume":"168","author":"Debu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.07.047","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy with methyl-aminolevulinic acid for paucilesional mycosis fungoides: A prospective open study and review of the literature","volume":"69","author":"Brocard","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2006.00246.x","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy with methylaminolevulinate as a valuable treatment option for unilesional cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","volume":"22","author":"Zane","year":"2006","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1080\/000155501750376276","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy with topical 5-aminolevulinic acid for mycosis fungoides: Clinical and histological response","volume":"81","author":"Porwit","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"477","article-title":"Remission of a cutaneous Mycosis fungoides after topical 5-ALA sensitisation and photodynamic therapy in a patient with advanced HIV-infection","volume":"7","author":"Paech","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1111\/ddg.14403","article-title":"Successful treatment of palmoplantar dyshidrotic lesions of mycosis fungoides with conventional and daylight photodynamic therapy","volume":"19","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"75","article-title":"Unilesional mycosis fungoides treated with photodynamic therapy. A case report","volume":"17","author":"Hegyi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol. Alp. Pannonica Adriat."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2008.03177.x","article-title":"Topical 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for the treatment of unilesional mycosis fungoides: A report of two cases and review of the literature","volume":"47","author":"Zambrano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.09898.x","article-title":"Topical methyl aminolaevulinate-photodynamic therapy in erosive facial mycosis fungoides","volume":"163","author":"Debu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14160","article-title":"Unilesional plantar mycosis fungoides treated with topical photodynamic therapy\u2014Case report and review of the literature","volume":"31","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1994.tb03412.x","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy of non-melanoma malignant tumours of the skin using topical delta-amino levulinic acid sensitization and laser irradiation","volume":"130","author":"Svanberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(08)81742-2","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy for mycosis fungoides after topical photosensitization with 5-aminolevulinic acid","volume":"31","author":"Wolf","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(95)91413-7","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy for mycosis fungoides after topical photosensitization with 5-aminolevulinic acid","volume":"33","author":"Ammann","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"50","article-title":"The treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma by topical aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy","volume":"137","author":"Stables","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.1999.770213.x","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy utilising topical delta-aminolevulinic acid in non-melanoma skin malignancies of the eyelid and the periocular skin","volume":"77","author":"Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orenstein, A., Haik, J., Tamir, J., Winkler, E., Trau, H., Malik, Z., and Kostenich, G. (2000). Photodynamic therapy of cutaneous lymphoma using 5-aminolevulinic acid topical application. Dermatol. Surg., 26.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-4725.2000.00056.x"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2001.04245.x","article-title":"Topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for tumour-stage mycosis fungoides","volume":"144","author":"Markham","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2022.12.020","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy for the treatment of primary cutaneous B-cell marginal zone lymphoma: A series of 4 patients","volume":"33","author":"Toulemonde","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.10.016","article-title":"Topical photodynamic therapy for primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma: A pilot study","volume":"54","author":"Mori","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W.-T., Wang, H.-T., Yeh, Y.-H., and Wong, T.-W. (2023). An Update on Recent Advances of Photodynamic Therapy for Primary Cutaneous Lymphomas. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15051328"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2010.00507.x","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy in dermatology: State-of-the-art","volume":"26","author":"Babilas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16044","article-title":"European Dermatology Forum guidelines on topical photodynamic therapy 2019 Part 2: Emerging indications\u2014Field cancerization, photorejuvenation and inflammatory\/infective dermatoses","volume":"34","author":"Morton","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(03)00868-5","article-title":"Topical photodynamic therapy for patients with therapy-resistant lesions of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","volume":"50","author":"Coors","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caccavale, S., Tancredi, V., Vitiello, P., Sica, A., Ronchi, A., Franco, R., Pastore, F., and Argenziano, G. (2022). Photodynamic Therapy as an Effective Treatment for Cutaneous Lymphomas. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15010047"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"50","article-title":"Successful treatment of cutaneous pseudolymphoma with topical methylaminolevulinate photodynamic therapy","volume":"156","author":"Caccavale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ital. J. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2340\/0001555574206207","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo effects of photodynamic therapy in cutaneous T cell lymphoma","volume":"74","author":"Boehncke","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12698","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy of mycosis fungoides: A systematic review of case studies","volume":"37","author":"Hooper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kinsella, T.J., Baron, E.D., Colussi, V.C., Cooper, K.D., Hoppel, C.L., Ingalls, S.T., Kenney, M.E., Li, X., Oleinick, N.L., and Stevens, S.R. (2011). Preliminary clinical and pharmacologic investigation of photodynamic therapy with the silicon phthalocyanine photosensitizer Pc 4 for primary or metastatic cutaneous cancers. Front. Oncol., 1.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2011.00014"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2007.02554.x","article-title":"The treatment of unilesional mycosis fungoides with methyl aminolevulinate-photodynamic therapy","volume":"22","author":"Hegyi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"153","article-title":"Microneedles rollers as a potential device to increase ALA diffusion and PpIX production: Evaluations by wide-field fluorescence imaging and fluorescence spectroscopy","volume":"Volume 8926","author":"Sousa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photonic Therapeutics and Diagnostics X"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, D., Hu, D., Xu, H., Patra, H.K., Liu, X., Zhou, Z., Tang, J., Slater, N., and Shen, Y. (2021). Progress and perspective of microneedle system for anti-cancer drug delivery. Biomaterials, 264.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.120410"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"(2024, October 06). Study Details|Silicon Phthalocyanine 4 and Photodynamic Therapy in Stage IA-IIA Cutaneous T-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma|ClinicalTrials.gov, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT01800838?cond=CTCL%2F%20Mycosis%20Fungoides&intr=Photodynamic%20Therapy&rank=1."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2020-141119","article-title":"Photodynamic Therapy in Refractory Mycosis Fungoides: A Prospective, Open-Label Study","volume":"136","author":"Brumfiel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"(2024, October 06). Study Details|Photodynamic Therapy in Treating Patients with Refractory Mycosis Fungoides|ClinicalTrials.gov, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03281811?cond=CTCL%2F%20Mycosis%20Fungoides&intr=Photodynamic%20Therapy&rank=2."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"(2024, October 06). Study Details|Photodynamic Therapy Using Silicon Phthalocyanine 4 in Treating Patients with Actinic Keratosis, Bowen\u2019s Disease, Skin Cancer, or Stage I or Stage II Mycosis Fungoides|ClinicalTrials.gov, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT00103246?term=NCT00103246&rank=1."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"(2024, October 06). Study Details|Photodynamic Therapy in Treating Patients with Skin Cancer or Solid Tumors Metastatic to the Skin|ClinicalTrials.gov, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT00023790?cond=CTCL%2F%20Mycosis%20Fungoides&intr=Photodynamic%20Therapy&rank=7."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"(2024, October 06). Study Details|Photodynamic Therapy in Treating Patients with Lymphoma or Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia|ClinicalTrials.gov, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT00054171?cond=CTCL%2F%20Mycosis%20Fungoides&intr=Photodynamic%20Therapy&rank=6."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2022.2749","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Topical Hypericin Photodynamic Therapy for Early-Stage Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma (Mycosis Fungoides): The FLASH Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"158","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"(2024, October 06). Study Details|PK and ECG Determinations Following 8 Weeks of HyBryte Treatment for Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma|ClinicalTrials.gov, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05380635?term=NCT05380635&rank=1."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16017","article-title":"European Dermatology Forum guidelines on topical photodynamic therapy 2019 Part 1: Treatment delivery and established indications\u2014Actinic keratoses, Bowen\u2019s disease and basal cell carcinomas","volume":"33","author":"Morton","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katsambas, A.D., Lotti, T.M., Dessinioti, C., and D\u2019Erme, A.M. (2023). Photodynamic Therapy for Malignant Skin Lesions. European Handbook of Dermatological Treatments, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-15130-9"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.21037\/cco.2018.11.03","article-title":"Update on skin directed therapies in mycosis fungoides","volume":"8","author":"Lovgren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000000800","article-title":"Photodynamic Therapy: A Clinical Consensus Guide","volume":"42","author":"Ozog","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/9\/2956\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:21:03Z","timestamp":1760030463000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/9\/2956"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14092956"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14092956","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]}}}