{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:12:33Z","timestamp":1760058753718,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]],"date-time":"2025-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chungnam National University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: To assess the association of residential-level maternal particulate matter of 2.5 \u03bcm diameter or less (PM2.5) exposure during pregnancy with anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) risk. Methods: This study used data from children diagnosed with ASD (i.e., aniridia, iris hypoplasia, Peters anomaly, Axenfeld\u2013Rieger syndrome, or primary congenital glaucoma) by an experienced pediatric ophthalmologist at a National Referral Center for Rare Diseases between 2004 and 2021 and their biological mothers. Individual PM2.5 exposure concentration was assessed by reference to residential addresses and district-specific PM2.5 concentrations predicted by the universal Kriging prediction model. Results: The study included 2328 children (582 ASD cases and 1746 controls [1:3 matched for birth year, sex, and birth-place]). The mean (SD) annual PM2.5 exposure was 29.2 (16.9) \u03bcg\/m3. An IQR increase in PM2.5 during the preconception period (11.6 \u03bcg\/m3; RR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.03\u20131.34), the 1st trimester (11.1 \u03bcg\/m3; RR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.03\u20131.27), and the 2nd trimester (11.2 \u03bcg\/m3; RR 1.14; 95% CI, 1.01\u20131.29) significantly increased ASD risk. Meanwhile, the association between IQR increase in PM2.5 during the 3rd trimester and ASD risk showed borderline significance (11.0 \u03bcg\/m3; RR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.99\u20131.21). An IQR increase in PM2.5 (6.9 \u03bcg\/m3) from the preconception period to the 3rd trimester was associated with a significantly increased risk of ASD (RR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.08\u20131.20). Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that PM2.5 exposure during the preconception period and pregnancy is associated with increased risk of ASD, supporting a need for further improvements in air quality to prevent congenital ocular anomalies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14093003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T06:23:32Z","timestamp":1745821412000},"page":"3003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of Maternal Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter During Pregnancy with Anterior Segment Dysgenesis Risk: A Matched Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8431-4768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sooyeon","family":"Choe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3451-3763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyung-Shin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Institute, National Medical Center, Seoul 04564, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4211-7971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahnul","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju 63241, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1198-934X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soontae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin Wook","family":"Jeoung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ki Ho","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9010-7271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun-Chul","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Systems Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6037-8449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young Kook","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Children\u2019s Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.01.023","article-title":"Preterm birth associated with maternal fine particulate matter exposure: A global, regional and national assessment","volume":"101","author":"Malley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. 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