{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T00:56:05Z","timestamp":1788656165253,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]],"date-time":"2025-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by epidermal barrier dysfunction and immune dysregulation, with interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, and IL-31 recognized as key mediators. Prurigo nodularis (PN) is another chronic inflammatory disorder driven by T helper type 2-mediated inflammation and neural dysregulation, leading to severe pruritus. Nemolizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting IL-31 receptor A, has been approved for use in the treatment of AD and PN. Clinical trials have demonstrated significant reductions in pruritus and cutaneous symptoms associated with its use. In clinical practice, acute eczema and edematous erythema frequently occur, occasionally necessitating the discontinuation of treatment. Despite these observations, no comprehensive review has examined nemolizumab-associated cutaneous adverse events. This review aimed to examine various cutaneous reactions associated with nemolizumab therapy, including psoriasiform eruptions, AD exacerbation, bullous pemphigoid, drug-induced eruptions, and fungal infections. Potential mechanisms underlying these reactions include T-cell activation due to drug sensitization, immune responses triggered by nemolizumab acting as a hapten, and a relative increase in IL-4 and IL-13 levels following IL-31 inhibition. However, the precise pathophysiological mechanism and risk factors remain unclear, and standardized clinical management guidelines are lacking. Further accumulation of clinical data and immunological research are essential for developing evidence-based strategies to manage these adverse events, ensuring treatment continuity and optimizing patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14093026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T09:39:47Z","timestamp":1745833187000},"page":"3026","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Cutaneous Adverse Events Following Nemolizumab Administration: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4832-1899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshihito","family":"Mima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Metropolitan Police Hospital, Tokyo 164-8541, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masako","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Metropolitan Police Hospital, Tokyo 164-8541, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Iozumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Metropolitan Police Hospital, Tokyo 164-8541, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69283-0","article-title":"Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in childhood: ISAAC Phases One and Three repeat multicountry cross-sectional surveys","volume":"368","author":"Asher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"S115","article-title":"Overview of atopic dermatitis","volume":"23","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Manag. Care"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.006","article-title":"Patient burden and quality of life in atopic dermatitis in US adults: A population-based cross-sectional study","volume":"121","author":"Silverberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2017.10.037","article-title":"The atopic march: Critical evidence and clinical relevance","volume":"120","author":"Hill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.07.042","article-title":"Association of atopic dermatitis with allergic, autoimmune, and cardiovascular comorbidities in US adults","volume":"121","author":"Silverberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sroka-Tomaszewska, J., and Trzeciak, M. (2021). Molecular mechanisms of atopic dermatitis pathogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22084130"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.20344\/amp.11963","article-title":"Update on atopic dermatitis","volume":"32","author":"Torres","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Med. Port."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3424","article-title":"Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of 21,000 cases and 95,000 controls identifies new risk loci for atopic dermatitis","volume":"47","author":"Paternoster","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1159\/000500402","article-title":"Genetics of atopic dermatitis: From DNA sequence to clinical relevance","volume":"235","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1011040","article-title":"Filaggrin mutations associated with skin and allergic diseases","volume":"365","author":"Irvine","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-0674(02)00362-9","article-title":"Claudin-based barrier in simple and stratified cellular sheets","volume":"14","author":"Tsukita","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.10.018","article-title":"Tight junction defects in patients with atopic dermatitis","volume":"127","author":"Rafaels","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(96)80161-8","article-title":"Biphasic response against aeroallergen in atopic dermatitis showing a switch from an initial TH2 response to a TH1 response in situ: An immunocytochemical study","volume":"97","author":"Thepen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-005-0068-y","article-title":"Chemokine networks in atopic dermatitis: Traffic signals of disease","volume":"5","author":"Pivarcsi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20130351","article-title":"A role for IL-25 and IL-33-driven type-2 innate lymphoid cells in atopic dermatitis","volume":"210","author":"Salimi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201948156","article-title":"Biologicals targeting type 2 immunity: Lessons learned from asthma, chronic urticaria and atopic dermatitis","volume":"49","author":"Cosmi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"925","article-title":"IL-4 and IL-13 inhibition in atopic dermatitis","volume":"15","author":"Matsunaga","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0162-3","article-title":"T cells and the skin: From protective immunity to inflammatory skin disorders","volume":"19","author":"Ho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.01.011","article-title":"The immunology of atopic dermatitis and its reversibility with broad-spectrum and targeted therapies","volume":"139","author":"Brunner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.10.032","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis endotypes and implications for targeted therapeutics","volume":"143","author":"Czarnowicki","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.09.035","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the regional and age-related differences in atopic dermatitis clinical characteristics","volume":"80","author":"Yew","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.09.031","article-title":"Evolution of pathologic T-cell subsets in patients with atopic dermatitis from infancy to adulthood","volume":"145","author":"Czarnowicki","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.01.001","article-title":"The molecular features of normal and atopic dermatitis skin in infants, children, adolescents, and adults","volume":"148","author":"Pavel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b19-00088","article-title":"Current understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms of atopic dermatitis: Interactions among skin barrier dysfunction, immune abnormalities and pruritus","volume":"43","author":"Fujii","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.12.1002","article-title":"New mechanism underlying IL-31-induced atopic dermatitis","volume":"141","author":"Meng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.09.005","article-title":"Itch: From mechanism to (novel) therapeutic approaches","volume":"142","author":"Yosipovitch","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.157","article-title":"The human skin microbiome","volume":"16","author":"Byrd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2013.10.001","article-title":"Structure and function of the human skin microbiome","volume":"21","author":"Schommer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.18643","article-title":"The role of bacterial skin infections in atopic dermatitis: Expert statement and review from the International Eczema Council Skin Infection Group","volume":"182","author":"Alexander","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2018.12.003","article-title":"The role of the skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis","volume":"122","author":"Nakatsuji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1606490","article-title":"XCIMA study group anti-interleukin-31 receptor an antibody for atopic dermatitis","volume":"376","author":"Ruzicka","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14570","article-title":"European academy of dermatology and venereology European prurigo project: Expert consensus on the definition, classification and terminology of chronic prurigo","volume":"32","author":"Pereira","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.04.182","article-title":"Prurigo nodularis: Pathogenesis and management","volume":"83","author":"Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"5","article-title":"Prurigo nodularis: Review and emerging treatments","volume":"26","author":"Leis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Skin. Ther. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capellero, S., Erriquez, J., Battistini, C., Porporato, R., Scotto, G., Borella, F., Di Renzo, M.F., Valabrega, G., and Olivero, M. (2022). Ovarian cancer cells in ascites form aggregates that display a hybrid epithelial-mesenchymal phenotype and allows survival and proliferation of metastasizing cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020833"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10498.x","article-title":"Nuclear localization of activated STAT6 and STAT3 in epidermis of prurigo nodularis","volume":"165","author":"Fukushi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2018.02.003","article-title":"Prurigo nodularis and its management","volume":"36","author":"Zeidler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dermatol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2010.03.020","article-title":"Low density of sympathetic nerve fibers relative to substance P-positive nerve fibers in lesional skin of chronic pruritus and prurigo nodularis","volume":"58","author":"Haas","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s004030000142","article-title":"Eosinophil cationic protein and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin\/eosinophil protein X-immunoreactive eosinophils in prurigo nodularis","volume":"292","author":"Johansson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.10.033","article-title":"IL-31: A new link between T cells and pruritus in atopic skin inflammation","volume":"117","author":"Sonkoly","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, J., Parthasarathy, V., Marani, M., Bordeaux, Z., Lee, K., Trinh, C., Cornman, H.L., Kambala, A., Pritchard, T., and Chen, S. (2022). Extracellular matrix and dermal nerve growth factor dysregulation in prurigo nodularis compared to atopic dermatitis. Front. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1022889"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljae052","article-title":"Prurigo nodularis: New insights into pathogenesis and novel therapeutics","volume":"190","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.07.025","article-title":"Practical approaches for diagnosis and management of prurigo nodularis: United States expert panel consensus","volume":"84","author":"Elmariah","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.08.011","article-title":"Dupilumab as a novel treatment option for prurigo nodularis","volume":"152","author":"Nakajima","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1908316","article-title":"Trial of nemolizumab in moderate-to-severe prurigo nodularis","volume":"382","author":"Yosipovitch","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salvati, L., Cosmi, L., and Annunziato, F. (2021). From emollients to biologicals: Targeting atopic dermatitis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910381"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1610020","article-title":"Two phase 3 trials of dupilumab versus placebo in atopic dermatitis","volume":"375","author":"Simpson","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.07.074","article-title":"Dupilumab shows long-term safety and efficacy in patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis enrolled in a phase 3 open-label extension study","volume":"82","author":"Deleuran","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02320-9","article-title":"Dupilumab in patients with prurigo nodularis: Two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trials","volume":"29","author":"Yosipovitch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paganini, C., Talamonti, M., Maffei, V., Di Raimondo, C., Bianchi, L., and Galluzzo, M. (2024). Dupilumab for treatment of prurigo nodularis: Real-life effectiveness for up to 84 weeks. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13030878"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1917006","article-title":"Trial of nemolizumab and topical agents for atopic dermatitis with pruritus","volume":"383","author":"Kabashima","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2301333","article-title":"Phase 3 trial of nemolizumab in patients with prurigo nodularis","volume":"389","author":"Kwatra","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.18377","article-title":"Nemolizumab efficacy in prurigo nodularis: Onset of action on itch and sleep disturbances","volume":"36","author":"Yosipovitch","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yokozeki, H., Murota, H., and Matsumura, T. (2025). Long-term (68 weeks) administration of nemolizumab and topical corticosteroids for prurigo nodularis in patients aged \u226513 years: Efficacy and safety data from a phase II\/III study. Br. J. Dermatol., ljaf045.","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljaf045"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4001","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13144001","article-title":"A comprehensive review of biologics in phase III and IV clinical trials for atopic dermatitis","volume":"13","author":"Jenerowicz","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.20873","article-title":"Nemolizumab plus topical agents in patients with AD and moderate-to-severe pruritus provide improvement in pruritus and signs of AD for up to 68 weeks: Results from two phase III, long-term studies","volume":"186","author":"Kabashima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1084","article-title":"Interleukin 31, a cytokine produced by activated T cells, induces dermatitis in mice","volume":"5","author":"Dillon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6023","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902769","article-title":"IL-31 receptor (IL-31RA) knockout mice exhibit elevated responsiveness to oncostatin M","volume":"185","author":"Bilsborough","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabi6887","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abi6887","article-title":"IL-31-dependent neurogenic inflammation restrains cutaneous type 2 immune response in allergic dermatitis","volume":"8","author":"Fassett","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2017.69305","article-title":"The role of regulatory T cells and genes involved in their differentiation in pathogenesis of selected inflammatory and neoplastic skin diseases. Part I: Treg properties and functions","volume":"34","author":"Nedoszytko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Postep. Dermatol. Alergol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2009.06.011","article-title":"Peripheral CD4+CD8+cells are the activated T cells expressed granzyme B (GrB), Foxp3, interleukin 17 (IL-17), at higher levels in Th1\/Th2 cytokines","volume":"259","author":"Xie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.08.013","article-title":"Phase 2B randomized study of nemolizumab in adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis and severe pruritus","volume":"145","author":"Silverberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljad268","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of nemolizumab in paediatric patients aged 6\u201312 years with atopic dermatitis with moderate-to-severe pruritus: Results from a phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study","volume":"190","author":"Igarashi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Igarashi, A., Katsunuma, T., Nagano, Y., and Komazaki, H. (2024). Long-term (68 weeks) administration of nemolizumab in paediatric patients aged 6\u201312 years with atopic dermatitis with moderate-to-severe pruritus: Efficacy and safety data from a phase III study. Br. J. Dermatol., ljae458.","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljae458"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4006","article-title":"Pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of psoriasis: A review","volume":"323","author":"Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.120568","article-title":"The immunologic basis for the treatment of psoriasis with new biologic agents","volume":"46","author":"Krueger","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3025","article-title":"Hiding under the skin: A welcome surprise in psoriasis","volume":"18","author":"Krueger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-024-08991-7","article-title":"The immunology of psoriasis-current concepts in pathogenesis","volume":"66","author":"Sieminska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Man, A.M., Or\u0103san, M.S., Hoteiuc, O.A., Ol\u0103nescu-Vaida-Voevod, M.C., and Mocan, T. (2023). Inflammation and psoriasis: A comprehensive review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216095"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.12562","article-title":"Pityriasis rosea and pityriasis rosea-like eruption: Can they be distinguished?","volume":"41","author":"Drago","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.12445","article-title":"Pityriasis rosea-like arranged eruption after infliximab therapy in a patient with psoriasis vulgaris","volume":"41","author":"Ohtsuka","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e193","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.17085","article-title":"Psoriasis-like lesions in an atopic dermatitis patient possibly associated with nemolizumab treatment","volume":"51","author":"Masuda","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2022.10.015","article-title":"IL-4\/IL-13 inhibitors for atopic dermatitis induce psoriatic rash transcriptionally close to pustular psoriasis","volume":"5","author":"Grolleau","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-007-0030-y","article-title":"The Pathophysiology of Bullous Pemphigoid","volume":"33","author":"Kasperkiewicz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2008.04.012","article-title":"Multicenter prospective study of the humoral autoimmune response in bullous pemphigoid","volume":"128","author":"Fontao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.3.2015","article-title":"Autoreactive T and B Cells from Bullous Pemphigoid (BP) Patients Recognize Epitopes Clustered in Distinct Regions of BP180 and BP230","volume":"176","author":"Uter","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2011.01378.x","article-title":"Lesional Th17 cells and regulatory T-cells in bullous pemphigoid","volume":"20","author":"Arakawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.132","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related dermatologic adverse events","volume":"83","author":"Geisler","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moro, F., Fania, L., Sinagra, J.L.M., Salemme, A., and Di Zenzo, G. (2020). Bullous pemphigoid: Trigger and predisposing factors. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10101432"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mima, Y., Ohtsuka, T., Ebato, I., Nakata, Y., Tsujita, A., Nakazato, Y., and Norimatsu, Y. (2024). Review of T helper 2-type inflammatory diseases following immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12081886"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2022.1624","article-title":"Association of bullous pemphigoid with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in patients with cancer: A systematic review","volume":"158","author":"Asdourian","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1080\/08820139.2020.1832113","article-title":"Association between TH2 cytokine gene polymorphisms and risk of bullous pemphigoid","volume":"51","author":"Moravvej","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2023.2188487","article-title":"Targeting interleukin 4 and interleukin 13: A novel therapeutic approach in bullous pemphigoid","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, T., Xie, Y., Liu, Y., Shan, Y., Wu, X., Wang, J., Zuo, Y.G., and Zhang, Z. (2023). Dupilumab effectively and rapidly treats bullous pemphigoid by inhibiting the activities of multiple cell types. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1194088"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"e258","article-title":"A case of bullous pemphigoid after nemolizumab administration","volume":"52","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.17171","article-title":"A case of bullous pemphigoid following administration of anti-IL-31 receptor A antibody","volume":"51","author":"Masuyuki","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"e316","article-title":"Nemolizumab-induced exacerbation of atopic dermatitis","volume":"52","author":"Kamada","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.08.001","article-title":"Distinct behavior of human Langerhans cells and inflammatory dendritic epidermal cells at tight junctions in patients with atopic dermatitis","volume":"134","author":"Yoshida","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2023.4566","article-title":"Nemolizumab-induced drug eruption in a 46-year-old male patient with atopic dermatitis","volume":"33","author":"Kamada","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10649.x","article-title":"Possible involvement of CD14+ CD16+ monocyte lineage cells in the epidermal damage of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis","volume":"166","author":"Tohyama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"e79070","article-title":"A case of erythema multiforme following the administration of nemolizumab","volume":"17","author":"Mima","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.17626","article-title":"Characteristics of suitable cases for treatment with nemolizumab based on clinical findings and cutaneous adverse events","volume":"52","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.10.030","article-title":"Controversies in drug allergy: Testing for delayed reactions","volume":"143","author":"Phillips","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6431694","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6431694","article-title":"An updated review of the molecular mechanisms in drug hypersensitivity","volume":"2018","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e328364ebeb","article-title":"Microbiome and skin diseases","volume":"13","author":"Zeeuwen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Umemoto, N., Kakurai, M., Matsumoto, T., Mizuno, K., Cho, O., Sugita, T., and Demitsu, T. (2024). Dupilumab alters both the bacterial and fungal skin microbiomes of patients with atopic dermatitis. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12010224"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.4103\/idoj.IDOJ_503_20","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of dermatophytoses and factors leading to recalcitrant infections","volume":"12","author":"Sardana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian. Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.21019","article-title":"Dupilumab-associated head and neck dermatitis is associated with elevated pretreatment serum Malassezia-specific IgE: A multicentre, prospective cohort study","volume":"186","author":"Kozera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"e2023272","article-title":"Cytokine profiles of chronic urticaria patients and the effect of omalizumab treatment","volume":"13","author":"Damadoglu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dermatol. Pract. Concept."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00271-4","article-title":"Contact dermatitis","volume":"7","author":"Scheinman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2020.10.003","article-title":"A review of contact dermatitis","volume":"126","author":"Brar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.08.078","article-title":"The emerging utility of the cutaneous microbiome in the treatment of acne and atopic dermatitis","volume":"82","author":"Woo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2896","article-title":"Propionibacterium acnes abundance correlates inversely with Staphylococcus aureus: Data from atopic dermatitis skin microbiome","volume":"98","author":"Francuzik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.10.004","article-title":"Transcriptomic characterization of prurigo nodularis and the therapeutic response to nemolizumab","volume":"149","author":"Tsoi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"6","article-title":"Translating tissue expression of STAT 1, 3 and 6 in prurigo nodularis to clinical efficacy of oral tofacitinib\u2014A prospective single-arm investigational study","volume":"1","author":"Sardana","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indian. J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-015-0134-z","article-title":"A retrospective study of cutaneous drug reactions in an outpatient population","volume":"37","author":"Drago","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2020.02.007","article-title":"Pitfalls in patch testing: Minimizing the risk of avoidable false-negative reactions","volume":"38","author":"Ophaug","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.5217\/ir.2018.16.2.273","article-title":"Evaluation of the drug-induced lymphocyte stimulation test for diagnosing mesalazine allergy","volume":"16","author":"Saito","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intest. Res."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/9\/3026\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:22:54Z","timestamp":1760030574000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/9\/3026"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14093026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14093026","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]]}}}