{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T20:53:02Z","timestamp":1792011182219,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":210,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular diseases and cancer are the two primary causes of mortality worldwide. Although traditionally regarded as distinct pathologies, they share numerous pathophysiological mechanisms and risk factors, including chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, obesity, and metabolic dysregulation. Notably, several cancers have been identified as closely linked to cardiovascular diseases, including lung, breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers, as well as hematological malignancies, such as leukemia and lymphoma. Additionally, renal and pancreatic cancers exhibit a significant association with cardiovascular complications, partly due to shared risk factors and the cardiotoxic effects of cancer therapies. Addressing the overlapping risk factors through lifestyle modifications\u2014such as regular physical activity, a balanced diet, and cessation of smoking and alcohol\u2014has proven effective in reducing both CV and oncological morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, even in patients with established cancer, structured interventions targeting physical activity, nutritional optimization, and smoking cessation have been associated with improved outcomes. Beyond lifestyle modifications, pharmacological strategies play a crucial role in the prevention of both diseases. Several cardiovascular medications, including statins, aspirin, beta-blockers, and metformin, exhibit pleiotropic effects that extend beyond their primary indications, demonstrating potential anti-neoplastic properties in preclinical and observational studies. Recently, novel therapeutic agents have garnered attention for their possible cardioprotective and metabolic benefits. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is), initially developed for managing type 2 diabetes, have shown CV and renal protective effects, alongside emerging evidence of their role in modulating cancer-related metabolic pathways. Inclisiran, a small interfering RNA targeting PCSK9, effectively lowers LDL cholesterol and may contribute to reducing CV risk, with potential implications for tumor biology. Additionally, sacubitril\/valsartan, an angiotensin receptor\u2013neprilysin inhibitor, has revolutionized heart failure management by improving hemodynamic parameters and exerting anti-inflammatory effects that may have broader implications for chronic disease prevention. Given the intricate interplay between CVD and cancer, further research is essential to clarify the exact mechanisms linking these conditions and assessing the potential of CV therapies in cancer prevention. This review aims to examine shared risk factors, consider the role of pharmacological and lifestyle interventions, and emphasize crucial epidemiological and mechanistic insights into the intersection of CV and oncological health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14093083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T11:00:54Z","timestamp":1745924454000},"page":"3083","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Risk Factors and Prevention of Cancer and CVDs: A Chicken and Egg Situation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Maurizio Giuseppe","family":"Abrignani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"O.U. of Cardiology, P. Borsellino Hospital Marsala, ASP Trapani, 91025 Marsala, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5369-5382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana","family":"Luc\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"O.U. Interventional Cardiology-ICCU, A.O. Bianchi Melacrino Morelli, 89128 Reggio Calabria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7035-8900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Abrignani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariacarmela","family":"Nucara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"O.U. Interventional Cardiology-ICCU, A.O. Bianchi Melacrino Morelli, 89128 Reggio Calabria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Grosseto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Hospital Ceccarini, 47838 Riccione, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9709-4909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Lestuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Esperia Medical Center, 33080 Porcia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marinella","family":"Mistrangelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Rete Oncologica Piemonte e Valle d\u2019Aosta, Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Passaretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Homanitas, Gavazzeni-Castelli, 24125 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmelo Massimiliano","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Hospital Santa Maria Degli Ungheresi, 89024 Polistena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0038-9445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iris","family":"Parrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Ospedale Mauriziano Umberto I, 10128 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D370","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/sux019","article-title":"ANMCO\/AIOM\/AICO Consensus Document on clinical and management pathways of cardio-oncology: Executive summary","volume":"19","author":"Tarantini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. 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