{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T17:28:15Z","timestamp":1781890095342,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital","award":["112D007-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["112D007-6"]}]},{"name":"Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital","award":["TTMHH-R1140042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTMHH-R1140042"]}]},{"name":"Tungs\u2019 Taichung Metroharbor Hospital","award":["112D007-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["112D007-6"]}]},{"name":"Tungs\u2019 Taichung Metroharbor Hospital","award":["TTMHH-R1140042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTMHH-R1140042"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), yet no study has explored differences in anemia risk factors based on disease severity and gender. Therefore, this study investigates potential differences in anemia risk among individuals with varied kidney disease severities and sexes. Methods: This multicenter, longitudinal cohort study was conducted using data (2008\u20132016) from the Epidemiology and Risk Factors Surveillance of CKD database. This database was associated with Taiwan\u2019s National Health Insurance Research Database (for the 2008\u20132019 period). To identify predictive risk factors for anemia, we developed a subset multivariate logistic model using stepwise variable selection. Additionally, 10-fold cross-validation was conducted to facilitate model selection and internal validation. Results: Of the 5656 patients with CKD, 519 (9.18%) with anemia and 5137 (90.82%) without. After adjusting for age, sex, and serum creatinine, stepwise logistic regression analysis identified the main independent predictive factors for anemia in CKD patients. Notably, \u201cReceive low sodium diet education\u201d (OR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.446\u20130.975), \u201cDBP (mmHg)\u201d (OR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.965\u20130.999), \u201cGout\u201d (OR: 1.86, 95% CI: 1.175\u20132.937), and \u201cCongestive heart failure\u201d (OR: 1.85, 95% CI: 1.131\u20133.028) was significantly associated with the presence of anemia among CKD patients. Conclusions: This study identifies gout and cardiovascular disease as important correlates of anemia in patients with CKD. Moreover, it reveals an inverse association between elevated diastolic blood pressure and receiving education on a low-sodium diet with the occurrence of anemia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14093088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T05:50:17Z","timestamp":1745992217000},"page":"3088","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sex- and Stage-Specific Predictors of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jui-Ting","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei 242, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 111, Taiwan"},{"name":"Nutrition Department, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, No. 95, Wen Chang Road, Shih Lin District, Taipei 111, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2794-8621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun-Ji","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiann-Horng","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei 242, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 111, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chin-Hung","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chest Medicine, Tungs\u2019 Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung 435, Taiwan"},{"name":"Cancer Center, Tungs\u2019 Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung 435, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I-Shan","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Department, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, No. 95, Wen Chang Road, Shih Lin District, Taipei 111, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7367-0537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Po-Ya","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Leisure Industry and Health Promotion, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, No. 365, Ming-te Road, Peitou District, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD Chronic Kidney Disease Collaboration (2020). 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