{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T15:43:06Z","timestamp":1792683786341,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: In recent years, various authors have suggested a potential association between oral lichen planus (OLP) and thyroid disease (TD), although other studies have failed to confirm a significant relationship. The available literature presents inconsistent and sometimes contradictory findings. Additionally, other conditions\u2014such as anxiety and depression, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia\u2014have also been linked with OLP. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 120 participants, comprising 60 patients diagnosed with OLP and 60 controls. Medical histories related to TD and other comorbidities were collected for both groups. Results: The prevalence of TD among the OLP patients was 20%, compared to 6.7% in the control group. The most frequently observed thyroid disorder was hypothyroidism, identified in 13.3% of the patients with OLP. Statistically, there was a moderate probability of an association between OLP and TD (p = 0.054). No statistically significant associations were found between OLP and hypertension (p = 0.378), type 2 diabetes mellitus (p = 0.550), dyslipidemia (p = 0.562), anxiety (p = 0.959), or depression (p = 0.532). Conclusions: Although the association between OLP and TD remains inconclusive, our findings suggest a moderate statistical probability of a relationship.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14093106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T09:16:12Z","timestamp":1746090972000},"page":"3106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Association Between Oral Lichen Planus and Thyroid Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9909-6980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Odontostomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry), University of Barcelona, L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Egido-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Odontostomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry), University of Barcelona, L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Odontostomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry), University of Barcelona, L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Valls-Roca-Umbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Odontostomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry), University of Barcelona, L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5727-2099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"August","family":"Vidal-Bel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Odontostomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry), University of Barcelona, L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Pathological Anatomy Department, University Hospital o Bellvitge, L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08970 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7405-1834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Blanco-Carri\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8035-4412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"L\u00f3pez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Odontostomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry), University of Barcelona, L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Moles, M.\u00c1., and Ramos-Garc\u00eda, P. (2024). An Evidence-Based Update on the Potential for Malignancy of Oral Lichen Planus and Related Conditions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16030608"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_517_20","article-title":"Prevalence of oral lichen planus in patients with hypothyroidism versus non-hypothyroidism\u2014A case control study of 1000 cases","volume":"26","author":"Maddheshiya","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, T., and Hou, F. (2022). Association of Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis and anti-thyroid antibodies with oral lichen planus: A cross-sectional study. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.967988"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"222","article-title":"Immune mechanisms involved in the coexistence of oral lichen planus and autoimmune thyroid diseases","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"310 Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2010.04.001","article-title":"Association of oral lichen planus with thyroid disease in a Finnish population: A retrospective casecontrol study","volume":"110","author":"Siponen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dulska, A., Bodziony, J., Janik, M., and Drosdzol-Cop, A. (2024). The Potential Coexistence of Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases and Pediatric Vulvar Lichen sclerosus. Children, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/children11020255"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2017.vol31.0010","article-title":"Association between the clinical severity of oral lichen planus and anti-TPO level in thyroid patients","volume":"31","author":"Alikhani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Braz. Oral Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12850","article-title":"A mechanistic linkage between oral lichen planus and autoimmune thyroid disease","volume":"24","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-17-0262","article-title":"Evidence of earlier thyroid dysfunction in newly diagnosed oral lichen planus patients: A hint for endocrinologists","volume":"6","author":"Arduino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6309238","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6309238","article-title":"Possible Mechanisms Involved in the Cooccurrence of Oral Lichen Planus and Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis","volume":"2020","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1772247","article-title":"The Correlation between Oral Lichen Planus and Thyroid Pathologies: A Retrospective Study in a Sample of Italian Population","volume":"18","author":"Piloni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, T., and Li, D. (2018). Correlation Between Oral Lichen Planus and Thyroid Disease in China: A Case-Control Study. Front. Endocrinol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00330"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.14127","article-title":"Autoimmune disorders in oral lichen planus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kats, L., and Goldman, Y. (2019). Oral lichen planus and thyroid gland diseases: Possible associations. BMC Oral. Health, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-019-0859-5"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3504","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_749_19","article-title":"Oral lichen planus and associated comorbidities: An approach to holistic health","volume":"8","author":"Hasan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Family Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.14727","article-title":"Hypertension in oral lichen planus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13572","article-title":"Association between oral lichen planus and systemic conditions and medications: Case-control study","volume":"27","author":"Dave","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2023.01.006","article-title":"Potential relationship of dyslipidemia with dietary patterns in oral lichen planus patients-A case-control study","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1159\/000051777","article-title":"Anxiety and depression as risk factors for oral lichen planus","volume":"203","author":"Vallejo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13704","article-title":"Oral potentially malignant disorders: A consensus report from an international seminar on nomenclature and classification, convened by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer","volume":"27","author":"Warnakulasuriya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oral. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0714.2003.00125.x","article-title":"Lack of clinicopathologic correlation in the diagnosis of oral lichen planus based on the presently available diagnostic criteria and suggestions for modifications","volume":"32","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/9\/3106\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:25:03Z","timestamp":1760030703000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/9\/3106"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14093106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14093106","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]}}}