{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:13:44Z","timestamp":1760058824890,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["NSTC-111-2314-B-006-028","NSTC-112-2923-B-006-001","ANHR-112-43","ANHR-113-44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC-111-2314-B-006-028","NSTC-112-2923-B-006-001","ANHR-112-43","ANHR-113-44"]}]},{"name":"An Nan Hospital","award":["NSTC-111-2314-B-006-028","NSTC-112-2923-B-006-001","ANHR-112-43","ANHR-113-44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC-111-2314-B-006-028","NSTC-112-2923-B-006-001","ANHR-112-43","ANHR-113-44"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pituitary cells are specialized cells located within the pituitary gland, a small, pea-sized gland situated at the base of the brain. Through the use of cellular electrophysiological techniques, the electrical properties of these cells have been revealed. This review paper aims to introduce the ion currents that are known to be functionally expressed in pituitary cells. These currents include a voltage-gated Na+ current (INa), erg-mediated K+ current (IK(erg)), M-type K+ current (IK(M)), hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih), and large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channel. The biophysical characteristics of the respective ion current were described. Additionally, we also provide explanations for the effect of various drugs or compounds on each of these currents. GH3-cell exposure to GV-58 can increase the magnitude of INa with a concurrent rise in the inactivation time constant of the current. The presence of esaxerenone, an antagonist of the aldosterone receptor, directly suppresses the magnitude of peak and late INa. Risperidone, an atypical antipsychotic agent, is effective at suppressing the IK(erg) amplitude directly, and di(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate suppressed IK(erg). Solifenacin and kynurenic acid can interact with the KM channel to stimulate IK(M), while carisbamate and cannabidiol inhibit the Ih amplitude activated by sustained hyperpolarization. Moreover, the presence of either rufinamide or QO-40 can enhance the activity of single BKCa channels. To summarize, alterations in ion currents within native pituitary cells or pituitary tumor cells can influence their functional activity, particularly in processes like stimulus\u2013secretion coupling. The effects of small-molecule modulators, as demonstrated here, bear significance in clinical, therapeutic, and toxicological contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14093117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T09:16:12Z","timestamp":1746090972000},"page":"3117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Recent Advances in Ionic Mechanisms in Pituitary Cells: Implications for Electrophysiological and Electropharmacological Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5208-3253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheng-Nan","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Education, An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, No. 66, Section 2, Changhe Road, An Nan District, Tainan 70965, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan 701401, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7524-4363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ya-Jean","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Senior Services Industry Management, Minghsin University of Science and Technology, Hsinchu 300401, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zi-Han","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan 701401, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5395-923X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasa","family":"Liutkevi\u010dien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu 2, 50106 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vita","family":"Rovite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre (BMC), LV-1067 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3845","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00688a017","article-title":"Thyrotropin-releasing hormone regulates the number of its own receptors in the GH3 strain of pituitary cells in culture","volume":"14","author":"Hinkle","year":"1975","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00656997","article-title":"Improved patch-clamp techniques for high-resolution current recording from cells and cell-free membrane patches","volume":"391","author":"Hamill","year":"1981","journal-title":"Pflug. 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