{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:58:20Z","timestamp":1788872300929,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Secondary prevention after acute coronary syndromes is the key strategy to reduce the residual cardiovascular disease risk. A tailored assessment is necessary to suggest the best management and treatment for patients. Sex and gender differences should be strongly considered during cardiovascular evaluation and risk estimation. Indeed, women have a worse outcome than men and are less likely to receive appropriate treatment and evidence-based management. Proper lifestyle management, guideline-directed medical therapy, risk factor management, and cardiac rehabilitation should be recommended early after an acute event in women to reduce the high risk of recurrent events and mortality and improve quality of life. Women-focused cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention represent a necessary step in the management and treatment of patients to ensure the best evidence-based care after acute coronary syndromes. This review offers a critical, updated, and comprehensive overview of the appropriate strategies for secondary prevention in women after acute coronary syndromes and long-term treatment, with a focus on cardiac rehabilitation programs. Furthermore, gaps in evidence on this topic and practical recommendations will be provided.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14103357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T09:13:38Z","timestamp":1747041218000},"page":"3357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Secondary Prevention After Acute Coronary Syndromes in Women: Tailored Management and Cardiac Rehabilitation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Luana-Viviana","family":"Iorescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, \u201cDr. Carol Davila\u201d Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010242 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Prisacariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, \u201cDr. Carol Davila\u201d Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010242 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaimae","family":"Aboueddahab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Ibn Sina University Hospital, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Rabat 10000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4615-9380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Taheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan 6517838736, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2021-1660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vikash","family":"Jaiswal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Research, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, FL 33431, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5383-8355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashot","family":"Avagimyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Yerevan State Medical University After M. Heratsi, Korun Street 2a, Yerevan 0025, Armenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2851-0753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amine","family":"Ghram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Rehabilitation Department, Heart Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar"},{"name":"Research Laboratory \u201cHeart Failure, LR12SP09\u201d, Hospital Farhat HACHED of Sousse, Sousse 4031, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0079-8430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silviu Ionel","family":"Dumitrescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, \u201cDr. Carol Davila\u201d Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010242 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6690-6874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Banach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St, Carnegie 591, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"},{"name":"Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Medical University of Lodz (MUL), Rzgowska 281\/289, 93-338 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1418-7908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Perone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, Rehabilitation Clinic \u201cVilla delle Magnolie\u201d, 81020 Castel Morrone, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3720","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad191","article-title":"2023 ESCGuidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes","volume":"44","author":"Byrne","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C84","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartjsupp\/suad039","article-title":"Optimal management of patients after acute coronary syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Panattoni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silverio, A., Cancro, F.P., Esposito, L., Bellino, M., D\u2019Elia, D., Verdoia, M., Vassallo, M.G., Ciccarelli, M., Vecchione, C., and Galasso, G. (2023). Secondary Cardiovascular Prevention after Acute Coronary Syndrome: Emerging Risk Factors and Novel Therapeutic Targets. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12062161"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwad389","article-title":"Long-term secondary prevention and outcome following acute coronary syndrome: Real-world results from the Swedish Primary Care Cardiovascular Database","volume":"31","author":"Bentzel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487318825350","article-title":"Lifestyle and impact on cardiovascular risk factor control in coronary patients across 27 countries: Results from the European Society of Cardiology ESC-EORP EUROASPIRE V registry","volume":"26","author":"Kotseva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwaa047","article-title":"EU-Wide Cross-Sectional Observational Study of Lipid-Modifying Therapy Use in Secondary and Primary Care: The DA VINCI study","volume":"28","author":"Ray","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab484","article-title":"2021 ESCGuidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice","volume":"42","author":"Visseren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perone, F., Bernardi, M., Redheuil, A., Mafrica, D., Conte, E., Spadafora, L., Ecarnot, F., Tokgozoglu, L., Santos-Gallego, C.G., and Kaiser, S.E. (2023). Role of Cardiovascular Imaging in Risk Assessment: Recent Advances, Gaps in Evidence, and Future Directions. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12175563"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4612","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad412","article-title":"Residual environmental risk in patients with cardiovascular disease: An overlooked paradigm","volume":"44","author":"Paneni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2023.10.013","article-title":"Residual cardiovascular risk: When should we treat it?","volume":"120","author":"Katsiki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"18","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a): A risk factor for atherosclerosis and an emerging therapeutic target","volume":"109","author":"Arca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010376","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.010376","article-title":"Adherence to Statin Therapy Among US Adults Between 2007 and 2014","volume":"8","author":"Colantonio","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheikhy, A., Fallahzadeh, A., Jameie, M., Aein, A., Masoudkabir, F., Maghsoudi, M., Tajdini, M., Salarifar, M., Jenab, Y., and Pourhosseini, H. (2023). In-hospital and 1-year outcomes of patients without modifiable risk factors presenting with acute coronary syndrome undergoing PCI: A Sex-stratified analysis. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1235667"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2023.131622","article-title":"Gender differences in the development of heart failure after acute coronary syndrome: Insight from the CORALYS registry","volume":"397","author":"Elia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117268","article-title":"Sex differences in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease","volume":"384","author":"Holtzman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2024.102583","article-title":"Myocardical Infarction with Non-Obstructive Coronary Arteries (MINOCA): Pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"49","author":"Sucato","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2024.10.002","article-title":"Gender differences in the management and outcomes of acute coronary syndrome in indians: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Dutta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian Heart J."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"9","article-title":"Acute Coronary Syndrome in Women","volume":"14","author":"Cader","year":"2025","journal-title":"Interv. Cardiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwae194","article-title":"Two-year prognosis and cardiovascular disease prevention after acute coronary syndrome: The role of cardiac rehabilitation-a French nationwide study","volume":"31","author":"Blacher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwad350","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation participation within 6 months of discharge in 37 136 myocardial infarction survivors: A nationwide registry study","volume":"31","author":"Bale","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz898","article-title":"Sex and gender in cardiovascular medicine: Presentation and outcomes of acute coronary syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Haider","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2021.07.005","article-title":"Depression and anxiety following acute myocardial infarction in women","volume":"32","author":"Liblik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espinoza-Derout, J., Shao, X.M., Lao, C.J., Hasan, K.M., Rivera, J.C., Jordan, M.C., Echeverria, V., Roos, K.P., Sinha-Hikim, A.P., and Friedman, T.C. (2022). Electronic Cigarette Use and the Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.879726"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487320941993","article-title":"Electronic cigarettes and health with special focus on cardiovascular effects: Position paper of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC)","volume":"28","author":"Kavousi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e139","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000757","article-title":"Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2020 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association","volume":"141","author":"Virani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa605","article-title":"2020 ESCGuidelines on sports cardiology exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease","volume":"42","author":"Pelliccia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e235174","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.5174","article-title":"Association of Daily Step Patterns with Mortality in US Adults","volume":"6","author":"Inoue","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007725","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.007725","article-title":"Physical Activity in the Prevention and Treatment of Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"7","author":"Winzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2023.04.023","article-title":"Association of anxiety or depression with risk of recurrent cardiovascular events and death after myocardial infarction: A nationwide registry study","volume":"381","author":"Flygare","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-024-02230-3","article-title":"Gender inequalities in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: A scoping review","volume":"23","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Equity Health"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"200338","article-title":"Diabetic cardiomyopathy: Pathophysiology, imaging assessment and therapeutical strategies","volume":"23","author":"Rizza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol. Cardiovasc. Risk Prev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e41","DOI":"10.15420\/ecr.2021.24","article-title":"Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women: Closing the Gap","volume":"16","author":"Thakkar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramezankhani, A., Azizi, F., and Hadaegh, F. (2023). Sex differences in risk factors for coronary heart disease events: A prospective cohort study in Iran. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-50028-0"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2018.1433648","article-title":"Modifications in drug adherence after switch to fixed-dose combination of perindopril\/amlodipine in clinical practice. Results of a large-scale Italian experience. The amlodipine-perindopril in real settings (AMPERES) study","volume":"34","author":"Perrone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s40292-019-00336-2","article-title":"Treatment with Free Triple Combination Therapy of Atorvastatin, Perindopril, Amlodipine in Hypertensive Patients: A Real-World Population Study in Italy","volume":"26","author":"Perrone","year":"2019","journal-title":"High. Blood Press. Cardiovasc. Prev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1159\/000536392","article-title":"Optimizing Post-Acute Coronary Syndrome Dyslipidemia Management: Insights from the North American Acute Coronary Syndrome Reflective III","volume":"149","author":"Alanezi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2311375","article-title":"Inclisiran: A New Pharmacological Approach for Hypercholesterolemia","volume":"23","author":"Maggioni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-02112-y","article-title":"Glycemic control and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with diabetes and coronary artery disease according to triglyceride-glucose index: A large-scale cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.7326\/M23-2788","article-title":"Newer Pharmacologic Treatments in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Clinical Guideline From the American College of Physicians","volume":"177","author":"Qaseem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2024). 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024. Diabetes Care, 47, S179\u2013S218.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-S010"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176173","DOI":"10.1080\/09537104.2023.2176173","article-title":"Sex differences in antiplatelet therapy: State-of-the art","volume":"34","author":"Gasecka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Platelets"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcab007","article-title":"Sex disparity in secondary prevention pharmacotherapy and clinical outcomes following acute coronary syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Dagan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Qual. Care Clin. Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.09.065","article-title":"Outcomes of Women Compared with Men After Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes","volume":"74","author":"Sarma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.115.001987","article-title":"Sex Disparities in Post-Acute Myocardial Infarction Pharmacologic Treatment Initiation and Adherence: Problem for Young Women","volume":"8","author":"Smolina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037137","article-title":"Twenty Year Trends and Sex Differences in Young Adults Hospitalized with Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"139","author":"Arora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2016-309938","article-title":"Management of acute coronary syndromes: Special considerations in women","volume":"103","author":"Madonis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2016.2171","article-title":"Focused Update on Duration of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy for Patients with Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"1","author":"Mauri","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu075","article-title":"The efficacy of ticagrelor is maintained in women with acute coronary syndromes participating in the prospective randomized PLATelet inhibition patient Outcomes (PLATO) trial","volume":"35","author":"Husted","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bots, S.H., Inia, J.A., and Peters, S.A.E. (2021). Medication Adherence After Acute Coronary Syndrome in Women Compared with Men: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Glob. Womens Health, 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2021.637398"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwae255","article-title":"Prognostic impact of high-intensity lipid-lowering therapy under-prescription after acute myocardial infarction in women","volume":"31","author":"Weizman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e035329","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.035329","article-title":"Sex Differences and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Myocardial Infarction with Nonobstructive Coronary Arteries: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Ang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"oead033","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjopen\/oead033","article-title":"Sex differences in treatment and outcomes amongst myocardial infarction patients presenting with and without obstructive coronary arteries: A prospective multicentre study","volume":"3","author":"Lawless","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Open"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2020.100761","article-title":"Myocardial Infarction Without Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease (MINOCA): A Practical Guide for Clinicians","volume":"46","author":"Ciliberti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e011990","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.011990","article-title":"Prognosis and Predictors of Mortality in Patients Suffering Myocardial Infarction with Non-Obstructive Coronary Arteries","volume":"8","author":"Choo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2020.10.059","article-title":"Randomized evaluation of beta blocker and ACE-inhibitor\/angiotensin receptor blocker treatment in patients with myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA-BAT): Rationale and design","volume":"231","author":"Agewall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.05.091","article-title":"Differences in the management and prognosis of women and men who suffer from acute coronary syndromes","volume":"46","author":"Anand","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.789800","article-title":"Sex differences in medical care and early death after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"118","author":"Jneid","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2008.08.012","article-title":"Gender differences among patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in the American College of Cardiology-National Cardiovascular Data Registry (ACC-NCDR)","volume":"157","author":"Akhter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037655","article-title":"Sex Differences in In-Hospital Management and Outcomes of Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome","volume":"139","author":"Hao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-020-07095-6","article-title":"Medical Treatment in Coronary Patients: Is there Still a Gender Gap? Results from European Society of Cardiology EUROASPIRE V Registry","volume":"35","author":"Vynckier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"CD001800","article-title":"Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease","volume":"2016","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487320913379","article-title":"Secondary prevention through comprehensive cardiovascular rehabilitation: From knowledge to implementation. 2020 update. A position paper from the Secondary Prevention and Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology","volume":"28","author":"Ambrosetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"200331","article-title":"Obesity and cardiovascular disease: Risk assessment, physical activity, and management of complications","volume":"23","author":"Perone","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol. Cardiovasc. Risk Prev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-143-9-200511010-00010","article-title":"Meta-analysis: Secondary prevention programs for patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"143","author":"Clark","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"761","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation for women: A systematic review of barriers and solutions","volume":"92","author":"Yeung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2011.04.011","article-title":"Gender differences in cardiac rehabilitation programs from the Italian survey on cardiac rehabilitation (ISYDE-2008)","volume":"160","author":"Tramarin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000536","article-title":"Response to exercise training during cardiac rehabilitation differs by sex","volume":"40","author":"Rengo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0b013e3181b4c8bd","article-title":"Failure to improve cardiopulmonary fitness in cardiac rehabilitation","volume":"29","author":"Savage","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"173","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation fitness changes and subsequent survival","volume":"4","author":"Kachur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Qual. Care Clin. Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487319850718","article-title":"The association of resistance training with mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Saeidifard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.008","article-title":"Muscular strength as a predictor of all-cause mortality in an apparently healthy population: A systematic review and meta-analysis of data from approximately 2 million men and women","volume":"99","author":"Ruiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"32","article-title":"Women\u2019s cardiac rehabilitation: Improving access using principles of women\u2019s health","volume":"15","author":"Price","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiovasc. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heran, B.S., Chen, J.M., Ebrahim, S., Moxham, T., Oldridge, N., Rees, K., Thompson, D.R., and Taylor, R.S. (2011). Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD001800.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001800.pub2"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2024.102457","article-title":"Sex- and gender-related disparities in chest pain syndromes: The feminine mystique of chest pain","volume":"49","author":"Angeli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/10\/3357\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:31:15Z","timestamp":1760031075000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/10\/3357"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14103357"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14103357","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]}}}