{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T07:56:31Z","timestamp":1776239791827,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: This narrative review aims to redefine Open Mouth Posture Syndrome (OMPS) as a multifactorial condition with overlapping symptoms and a cyclical pathophysiology. A novel classification system for OMPS subtypes is proposed to standardize research approaches and enhance clinical understanding. Methods: An interdisciplinary literature review was conducted, focusing on structural, functional, and adaptive mechanisms underlying OMPS. Subtype definitions were refined based on recent findings. Results: OMPS is categorized into five subtypes: Obstructive, Habitual, Anatomical, Sleep-Disordered Breathing, and Tongue-Related Pathologies. These subtypes share interconnected etiologies and manifestations, contributing to a feedback loop that complicates diagnosis and management. Conclusions: This classification system lays the foundation for future research and clinical protocols, emphasizing the need for a systematic approach to understanding OMPS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14103586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T04:05:17Z","timestamp":1747800317000},"page":"3586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Open Mouth Posture Syndrome (OMPS): Classification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2937-6773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Can-Florian","family":"Kele\u015f","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Science (PhD), Faculty of Human Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Science (PhD), Faculty of Human Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2009-4393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anand","family":"Marya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh 12211, Cambodia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5281-5186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar Fawzi","family":"Chawshli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hawler Medical University, Erbil 44001, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7945-8799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adith","family":"Venugopal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Orthodontics, Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin North, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant-Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri, Pune 411018, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8874-0841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ute Ulrike","family":"Botzenhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"},{"name":"University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1952.0099","article-title":"Mouth breathing. I. Etiology and effects; a review","volume":"44","author":"Emslie","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. 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