{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T09:11:55Z","timestamp":1783415515483,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wroclaw Medical University","award":["SUBZ.C290.25.054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBZ.C290.25.054"]}]},{"name":"Polish Society of Family Medicine","award":["SUBZ.C290.25.054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBZ.C290.25.054"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects 10 to 15% of the world population. Currently, there are no reliable epidemiological data on the prevalence of CKD in Poland. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of CKD in the population of high-risk primary health care patients without a prior diagnosis of CKD in the Polish population. Methods: This multicenter retrospective study examined 5100 patients from 28 medical institutions. Patients were eligible for the study if they were 60\u201375 years old or had a history of the risk factors such as hypertension, kidney disease other than CKD, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or obesity. The study was carried out in two stages, each of which included a determination of serum creatinine levels along with an estimation of eGFR and a determination of albuminuria in a urine sample. Results: In total, 5100 patients were included in the final analysis. In the univariate analysis, it was found that as age and body mass index values increased, the risk of developing CKD increased; the same correlation was observed when assessing the presence of hypertension, diabetes, or heart failure. In the multivariate analysis, the negative effects of hypertension, age 60\u201375 years, diabetes, heart failure, cardiovascular diseases, and kidney disease other than CKD on the development of CKD were confirmed. Conclusions: The results indicate that CKD is a significant social problem among the Polish population with risk factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14103600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T06:31:27Z","timestamp":1747809087000},"page":"3600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Nationwide Epidemiological Study of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevalence in a High-Risk Patient Population Without Prior Diagnosis in Primary Health Care in Poland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5996-9517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicja","family":"Jazienicka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7719-6959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Babicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2632-2409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Krajewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"4th Military Teaching Hospital, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Oko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0395-9826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"K\u0142oda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEDFIT Karolina Kloda, 70-240 Szczecin, Poland"},{"name":"Polish Society of Family Medicine, 51-141 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4555-5400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksander","family":"Biesiada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polish Society of Family Medicine, 51-141 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Ad Vitam Przychodnia Zdrowia Sp. z o. o. Sp, 32-052 Radzisz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6600-2760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Mastalerz-Migas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease\u2013classification, epidemiology and diagnosis","volume":"1","author":"Rutkowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Forum Nefrol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00519-5","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease","volume":"398","author":"Jafar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Vaidya, S.R., and Aeddula, N.R. (2022). 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