{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T17:42:14Z","timestamp":1778866934870,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ernst und Berta Grimmke-Stiftung (Gutenberg Prematurity Eye Study)"},{"name":"University Medical Center Mainz"},{"name":"Else Kr\u00f6ner-Fresenius-Stiftung"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The impact of prematurity has been reported to affect ocular development during infancy and childhood. Research into long-term ocular outcomes in adults born preterm is highly relevant due to a possible impact on the development of age-related ocular diseases such as macular degeneration. The aim was to review the currently available literature regarding outcomes of prematurity on ocular morphology in adults to provide a summary of the long-term effects of prematurity and associated factors such as low birth weight (BW) and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and its treatment. Adults formerly born preterm have a higher prevalence of refractive error, lower visual acuity, a higher prevalence of strabismus, shorter axial length, a steeper corneal radius, increased macular thickness, and a thinner peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFL), as well as changes in vessel anatomy and the foveal avascular zone. Adults who suffered from ROP have a high risk of myopic refractive error, amblyopia, shallower anterior chambers and thicker crystalline lenses, higher corneal aberrations, thinner RNFL thickness, and foveal hypoplasia. Individuals with advanced ROP requiring treatment also have higher rates of astigmatism, an increased temporal RNFL thickness, altered macular curvature, and reduced visual acuity. Prematurity leads to lifelong ocular morphological and functional changes, suggesting that fetal origins may contribute to age-related ocular diseases. This could have implications for ophthalmologic monitoring and the frequency of check-ups in adulthood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14113667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T09:58:09Z","timestamp":1747994289000},"page":"3667","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Long-Term Ocular Outcomes of Prematurity: Morphological Alterations, Visual Aspects and Implications for Age-Related Ocular Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3867-2350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Achim","family":"Fie\u00df","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6052-3987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Gi\u00dfler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Mildenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Pfeiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alica","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander K.","family":"Schuster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00878-4","article-title":"National, regional, and global estimates of preterm birth in 2020, with trends from 2010: A systematic analysis","volume":"402","author":"Ohuma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2020.105187","article-title":"An overview of adult health outcomes after preterm birth","volume":"150","author":"Crump","year":"2020","journal-title":"Early Hum. 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