{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T08:33:06Z","timestamp":1765960386060,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nicolaus Copernicus University"},{"name":"L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum"},{"name":"Research University, Excellence Initiative\u2014Research Groups: Metabolic Diseases of Civilisation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The SARS-CoV-2 virus, identified in December 2019, led to a global pandemic resulting in over 6 million deaths. While most COVID-19 cases present mild symptoms, severe complications can develop in immunocompromised patients, including impacts on the heart. This study aimed to compare angiographic findings and hospitalization outcomes in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients with and without COVID-19. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 174 ACS patients (105 men, 69 women) hospitalized in the Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Bydgoszcz and Regional Hospital in Grudzi\u0105dz (2019\u20132021). Forty-eight of them had COVID-19. The analyzed parameters included, inter alia, the coronary artery disease severity, the presence of thrombosis, survival rates, risk factors, and prior endovascular procedures. Results: COVID-19 patients with ACS showed a higher rate of thrombus in non-culprit vessels (6.25% vs. 0.0%, p = 0.0293), and overall survival was significantly lower (68.75% vs. 93.65%, p &lt; 0.0001), while prior PCI rates were higher in non-COVID patients (34.13% vs. 6.25%, p = 0.0002). Procedure times were shorter for non-COVID patients, reducing catheterization lab exposure. Other procedural factors showed no significant differences. Conclusions: This study highlights significant differences in coronary angiography and hospitalization outcomes between ACS patients with and without COVID-19. The extended stay of COVID-19 patients in the catheterization lab poses an increased risk to medical staff, and the presence of thrombi underscores the need for effective antithrombotic strategies. The significant association of COVID-19 with hypercoagulability and its role in precipitating acute coronary syndromes necessitates the development of specific clinical guidelines to manage these patients effectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14113672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T12:24:18Z","timestamp":1748003058000},"page":"3672","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["COVID-19-Related Pathologies in Coronary Angiography in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0153-7444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Skonieczna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Club of Cardiology, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-027 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0318-5527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olimpia","family":"Wiciun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Club of Cardiology, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-027 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5048-0393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Pinkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Club of Cardiology, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-027 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1196-5283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Dominiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6175-2191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaudyna","family":"Grzelakowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3465-4163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Kasprzak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Szyma\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Invasive Cardiology and Electrophysiology with Intensive Cardiac Care Subunit, Regional Specialist Hospital, 86-300 Grudziadz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8250-754X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Kubica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9912-9730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Niezgoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Cascella, M., Rajnik, M., Cuomo, A., Dulebohn, S.C., and Di Napoli, R. (2025, March 16). Features, Evaluation and Treatment Coronavirus (COVID-19) [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK554776\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S357867","article-title":"Association Between Symptoms and Severity of Disease in Hospitalised Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"15","author":"Talukder","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Multidiscip. Healthc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1177\/00033197211028760","article-title":"Angiographic and Clinical Profile of Patients with COVID-19 Referred for Coronary Angiography During SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak: Results From a Collaborative, European, Multicenter Registry","volume":"73","author":"Girgis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Singh, A., and Grossman, S.A. (2025, March 16). Acute Coronary Syndrome [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK459157\/."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E670","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.29056","article-title":"Severe coronary spasm in a COVID-19 patient","volume":"97","author":"Rivero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inam, F., Singh, P.R., Khalid, F., Javed, A., and Shah, A.R. (2021). Acute Coronary Syndrome and COVID-19: A Case Report of Refractory Hypercoagulability. Cureus, 13.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.13675"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsaidan, A.A., Al-Kuraishy, H.M., Al-Gareeb, A.I., Alexiou, A., Papadakis, M., Alsayed, K.A., Saad, H.M., and Batiha, G.E.S. (2023). The potential role of SARS-CoV-2 infection in acute coronary syndrome and type 2 myocardial infarction (T2MI): Intertwining spread. Immun. Inflamm. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.798"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.29179","article-title":"Acute myocardial infarction and large coronary thrombosis in a patient with COVID-19","volume":"97","author":"Tedeschi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2023.03.003","article-title":"Cardiovascular Complications of Coronavirus Disease-2019","volume":"34","author":"Terzic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.5603\/MRJ.a2021.0012","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers\u2019 absenteeism: Infections, quarantines, sick leave\u2014A database analysis of the Antoni Jurasz University Hospital No. 1. in Bydgoszcz, Poland","volume":"6","author":"Grzelakowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.5603\/MRJ.a2022.0058","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospital functioning and mortality among non-COVID-19 patients","volume":"7","author":"Rogaczewski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13680","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on acute heart failure admissions and mortality: A multicentre study (COV-HF-SIRIO 6 study)","volume":"9","author":"Kubica","year":"2022","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maung, K.K., and Marques-Vidal, P. (2023). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on cardiovascular diseases hospitalisation, management and mortality in Switzerland. Open Heart, 10.","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2023-002259"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Xiao, M., Zhang, S., Xia, P., Cao, W., Jiang, W., Chen, H., Ding, X., Zhao, H., and Zhang, H. (2020). Coagulopathy and Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Patients with Covid-19. N. Engl. J. Med., 382.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2007575"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14817","article-title":"Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E156","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25822","article-title":"Critically ill COVID-19 infected patients exhibit increased clot waveform analysis parameters consistent with hypercoagulability","volume":"95","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Hematol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.04.024","article-title":"Venous and arterial thromboembolic complications in COVID-19 patients admitted to an academic hospital in Milan, Italy","volume":"191","author":"Lodigiani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.04.013","article-title":"Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19","volume":"191","author":"Klok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karakasis, P., Nasoufidou, A., Sagris, M., Fragakis, N., and Tsioufis, K. (2024). Vascular Alterations Following COVID-19 Infection: A Comprehensive Literature Review. Life, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/life14050545"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lasica, R., Djukanovic, L., Mrdovic, I., Savic, L., Ristic, A., Zdravkovic, M.,  Simic, D., Krljanac, G., Popovic, D., and Simeunovic, D. (2022). Acute Coronary Syndrome in the COVID-19 Era\u2014Differences and Dilemmas Compared to the Pre-COVID-19 Era. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11113024"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheth, A.R., Grewal, U.S., Patel, H.P., Thakkar, S., Garikipati, S., Gaddam, J., and Bawa, D. (2020). Possible mechanisms responsible for acute coronary events in COVID-19. Med. Hypotheses, 143.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110125"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.29480","article-title":"Percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with COVID-19 and acute coronary syndrome: What if the old normal became the new normal?","volume":"97","author":"Piccolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.28959","article-title":"Invasive strategy for COVID patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome: The first multicenter Italian experience","volume":"97","author":"Secco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/11\/3672\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:39:27Z","timestamp":1760031567000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/11\/3672"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14113672"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14113672","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2077-0383"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]}}}