{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:44:02Z","timestamp":1790876642635,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]],"date-time":"2025-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Rogosin Institute, the Department of Radiology of Weill Cornell Medicine, Weill Cornell Clinical and Translational Science Center","award":["UL1TR002384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002384"]}]},{"name":"Shaw Foundation","award":["UL1TR002384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002384"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Polycystic liver disease (PLD) is the most common extrarenal manifestation of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). PLD is more prevalent in women, and women have larger liver cysts, possibly due to estrogen-related mechanisms. Maternal estrogen levels normally increase during pregnancy. Thus, we investigated the pregnancy-associated increase in liver volume, liver cyst volume, total kidney volume (TKV), and kidney cyst growth rates in ADPKD patients. Methods: Kidney, liver, and cyst volumes were measured in 16 ADPKD patients by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at multiple timepoints before and after pregnancy. The log-transformed TKV, liver volume, and cyst volume growth rates during a period with pregnancy were compared to a period without pregnancy. Results: In ADPKD patients, a higher annualized liver cyst growth rate was observed during a period with pregnancy compared to a period without pregnancy (34 \u00b1 16%\/yr vs. 23 \u00b1 17%\/yr; p-value = 0.005). Liver volume growth was also higher during a period with pregnancy, 6 [2, 7]%\/yr vs. 0.3 [\u22120.4, 2]%\/yr (p-value = 0.04). In addition, the mean kidney cyst growth rate was higher (12 \u00b1 11%\/yr vs. 4 \u00b1 9%\/yr; p-value = 0.05), and there was a trend toward a pregnancy-associated increase in the TKV growth rate (6 [4, 8]%\/yr vs. 3 [0.8, 5]%\/yr, (p-value = 0.14) during a period with pregnancy. Conclusions: In patients with ADPKD, the liver volume and cyst volume growth rates increased during pregnancy. This supports the hypothesis that the estrogen-mediated stimulation of liver cyst growth may contribute to the severe polycystic liver disease that is more prevalent in women than men with ADPKD. Further studies with larger populations are needed to explore the mechanisms and long-term implications of these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14113688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]],"date-time":"2025-05-25T20:26:50Z","timestamp":1748204810000},"page":"3688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effects of Pregnancy on Liver and Kidney Cyst Growth Rates in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7702-8898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vahid","family":"Bazojoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10022, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vahid","family":"Davoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10022, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon D.","family":"Blumenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA"},{"name":"The Rogosin Institute, New York, NY 10021, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6662-4908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenglin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10022, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1980-7798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Line","family":"Malha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3564-0660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grace C.","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10022, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1376-4099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James M.","family":"Chevalier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA"},{"name":"The Rogosin Institute, New York, NY 10021, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0252-6474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniil","family":"Shimonov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA"},{"name":"The Rogosin Institute, New York, NY 10021, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7097-0032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arman","family":"Sharbatdaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10022, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hreedi","family":"Dev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10022, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7722-9207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed I.","family":"Raza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9258-5459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongxiu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10022, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinzi","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10022, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arindam","family":"RoyChoudhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9883-0584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin R.","family":"Prince","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10022, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0004522021","article-title":"Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease Prevalence among a Racially Diverse United States Population, 2002 through 2018","volume":"2","author":"Aung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.krcp.2014.05.002","article-title":"Cyst growth, polycystins, and primary cilia in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kidney Res. 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