{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T23:02:05Z","timestamp":1791932525461,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wroclaw Medical University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) is a prevalent condition in newborns, characterized by lacrimation excess due to anatomic occlusion of the nasolacrimal ducts (NLD). This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of CNLDO, encompassing its etiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and current treatment options. Diagnosis comprises the fluorescein dye disappearance test (FDDT) and imaging studies. In most cases, CNLDO resolves spontaneously within the first year of life. However, if spontaneous resolution does not occur, or if complications arise during observation period, treatment with conservative methods such as massage is introduced earlier, depending on the severity and complexity of the case. If these methods prove unsuccessful, more invasive procedures, including probing, intubation or dacryocystorhinostomy, are employed. While early diagnosis is crucial, its direct impact on treatment outcomes is more related to the prompt identification of cases that may require escalation of care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14113716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T04:49:52Z","timestamp":1748234992000},"page":"3716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction: Natural Course, Diagnosis and Therapeutic Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4209-3700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"B\u0142aszczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Division of Pathophysiology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2157-103X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Biedka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Division of Pathophysiology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9675-4525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Estreicher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Division of Pathophysiology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8752-2321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Weso\u0142owski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Division of Pathophysiology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9875-6854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Bulski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6462-3316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Soba\u015b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7085-0104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliwia","family":"Ziobro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Division of Pathophysiology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8448-9467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filip","family":"Maj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9872-8626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karol","family":"Sornat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0461-0599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Klasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital in Krak\u00f3w, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4441-1877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Karwacki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Division of Pathophysiology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"University Center of Excellence in Urology, Department of Minimally Invasive and Robotic Urology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadeusz","family":"Sebzda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Division of Pathophysiology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0b013e3283642e94","article-title":"Pediatric nasolacrimal duct obstruction","volume":"24","author":"Schnall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. 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