{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:19:10Z","timestamp":1760059150986,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The aim of this study was to compare the levels of Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) in maternal plasma and fetal cord blood plasma between pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia (PE) and those in normotensive pregnant women. Materials and Methods: This prospectively designed study included 53 pregnant women aged 18 years or older and at least 20 weeks into gestation, who were admitted to the Maternity Department of Izmir Katip \u00c7elebi University Atat\u00fcrk Training and Research Hospital. The patient group consisted of 28 pregnant women who met the diagnostic criteria for PE, while the control group included 25 normotensive pregnant women. The diagnosis of PE was established based on the 2020 diagnostic criteria of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). After detailed anamnesis, blood samples were collected immediately after delivery in EDTA tubes to assess serum NRP-1 levels. These samples included maternal blood, fetal cord blood, and additional tests such as CBC, liver and kidney function tests, serum electrolytes, spot urinalysis, prothrombin time (PT), and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of gestational week, presence of comorbidities, hypertension (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM), history of PE, and protein detected in spot urine examinations. Pregnant women in the PE group had significantly higher rates of comorbidities, HT, and DM compared to the control group (p &lt; 0.001, 0.002, and 0.007, respectively). No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups regarding hemoglobin, platelet count, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), or fetal cord plasma NRP-1 levels (p: 0.736, 0.831, 0.561, and 0.734, respectively). However, a statistically significant difference was found in maternal plasma NRP-1 levels (p: 0.02), which were lower in the control group compared to the PE group (median: 473.3 pg\/mL vs. 587.7 pg\/mL, respectively). The optimal cut-off value for maternal plasma NRP-1 to predict PE, with the best sensitivity and specificity, was determined to be 358.4 pg\/mL. Among the study participants, 40 pregnant women had maternal plasma NRP-1 levels above the cut-off value, while 13 had levels below it. PE occurred significantly more frequently in the high NRP-1 group than in the low group. When demographic and clinical characteristics were analyzed, a statistically significant but weak positive correlation was found between body mass index (BMI) and maternal plasma NRP-1 levels (p: 0.02, Rho: 0.304). No strong or statistically significant relationships were identified with other variables. There was no significant difference in fetal cord plasma NRP-1 levels between the PE group and the normotensive group. In contrast, maternal plasma NRP-1 levels were significantly higher in the PE group. The cut-off value for maternal plasma NRP-1, providing optimal sensitivity and specificity for predicting PE, remained 358.4 pg\/mL. Conclusions: While further studies involving larger cohorts of pregnant women from diverse racial backgrounds and various hospitals are needed to better understand the relationship between NRP-1 and PE, maternal NRP-1 concentration shows promise as a diagnostic marker.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14113718","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T09:29:36Z","timestamp":1748338176000},"page":"3718","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of Maternal Serum Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) and Fetal Cord Blood NRP-1 Concentrations in Between Normotensive Pregnant Women and Those with Preeclampsia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Simge","family":"Tosun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cukurca State Hospital, 30700 Hakkari, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raziye","family":"Torun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Perinatology, Izmir City Hospital, 35510 Izmir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehmet Ferdi","family":"Kinci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Izmir City Hospital, 35510 Izmir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saliha","family":"Aksun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir Katip Celebi University, 35620 Izmir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9129-4336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa","family":"Sengul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir Katip Celebi University, 35620 Izmir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12802","article-title":"The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) initiative on preeclampsia (PE): A pragmatic guide for first trimester screening and prevention","volume":"145","author":"Poon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. Off. Organ. Int. Fed. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.09.008","article-title":"The 2021 International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy classification, diagnosis & management recommendations for international practice","volume":"27","author":"Magee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2020). Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia; ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 222. Obs. Gynecol., 135, e237\u2013e260.","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003891"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii\u2013270","DOI":"10.3310\/hta12060","article-title":"Methods of prediction and prevention of pre-eclampsia: Systematic reviews of accuracy and effectiveness literature with economic modelling","volume":"12","author":"Meads","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1552","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3093","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors in children and young adults born to preeclamptic pregnancies: A systematic review","volume":"129","author":"Davis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.17455","article-title":"Multicenter screening for preeclampsia by maternal factors and biomarkers at 11\u201313 weeks\u2019 gestation: Comparison with NICE guidelines and ACOG recommendations","volume":"49","author":"Wright","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Cunningham, F.G., Leveno, K.J., Bloom, S.L., Spong, C.Y., Dashe, J.S., Hoffman, B.L., Casey, B.M., and Sheffield, J.S. (2014). Williams Obstetrics, McGraw-Hill Medical."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.10.082","article-title":"Preeclampsia: A close look at renal dysfunction","volume":"109","author":"Sani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4759","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-07-0001","article-title":"Targeting neuropilin 1 as an antitumor strategy in lung cancer","volume":"13","author":"Hong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2010.10.018","article-title":"Expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor neuropilin-1 at the human embryo\u2013maternal interface","volume":"154","author":"Porn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.103028","article-title":"Neuropilin 1 (NRP1) hypomorphism combined with defective VEGF-A binding reveals novel roles for NRP1 in developmental and patholog- ical angiogenesis","volume":"141","author":"Fantin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1526-968X(200003)26:3<213::AID-GENE7>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Differential expression of VEGF isoforms and VEGF(164)-specific receptor neuropilin-1 in the mouse uterus suggests a role for VEGF(164) in vascular permeability and angiogenesis during implantation","volume":"26","author":"Halder","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genesis"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81402-6","article-title":"Neuropilin-1 is expressed by endothelial and tumor cells as an isoform-specific receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor","volume":"92","author":"Soker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2008.09.001","article-title":"Expression of the vascular endo- thelial growth factor receptor neuropilin-1 in the human endometrium","volume":"79","author":"Hess","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2851","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01218.2004","article-title":"Differential binding of VEGF isoforms to VEGF receptor 2 in the presence of neuropilin-1: A computational model","volume":"288","author":"Popel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5655","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16580","article-title":"NRP1 and MMP9 are dual targets of RNA-binding protein QKI5 to alter VEGF-R\/NRP1 signalling in trophoblasts in preeclampsia","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60279-6","article-title":"Pre-eclampsia","volume":"376","author":"Steegers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3109\/10641955.2013.796969","article-title":"The role of apoptosis on trophoblast cell invasion in the placental bed of normotensive and preeclamptic pregnancies","volume":"32","author":"Naicker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hypertens. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313276","article-title":"Preeclampsia: Pathophysiology, challenges, and perspectives","volume":"124","author":"Rana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1111726","article-title":"Latest advances in understanding preeclampsia","volume":"308","author":"Redman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"7","article-title":"Risk factors and effective management of preeclampsia","volume":"8","author":"English","year":"2015","journal-title":"Integr. Blood Press. Control"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fox, R., Kitt, J., Leeson p Aye, C.Y., and Lewandowski, A.J. (2019). Preeclampsia: Risk factors, diagnosis, management, and the cardio-vascular impact on the offspring. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8101625"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000451","article-title":"Clinical risk factors for preeclampsia in the 21st century","volume":"124","author":"Parry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1080\/00365513.2020.1728785","article-title":"Serum concentrations of neuropilin-1 in women with endometriosis. Scand","volume":"80","author":"Barberic","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2022.06.041","article-title":"Neuropilin-1 is uniquely expressed on small syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicles but not on medium\/large vesicles from preeclampsia and normal placentae","volume":"619","author":"Awoyemi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1097\/PGP.0000000000000283","article-title":"The expression of neuropilin-1 in human placentas from normal and preeclamptic pregnancies","volume":"36","author":"Arad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2004.02.001","article-title":"Identification of Two Novel Alternativel Spliced Neuropilin-1 \u0130soforms","volume":"84","author":"Xu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Naidoo, N. (2020). The Regulation of Osteopontin and Soluble Neuropilin-1 in HIV-Associated Preeclampsia. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal]."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0119-0_3","article-title":"The Role of Neuropilin in Vascular and Tumor Biology","volume":"515","author":"Klagsbrun","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.040337597","article-title":"Identification of a natural soluble neuropilin-1 that binds endothelial growth factor: In vivo expression and antitumor activity","volume":"97","author":"Gagnon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-005-9009-6","article-title":"Soluble neuropilin targeted to the skin inhibits vascular permeability","volume":"8","author":"Mamluk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-207483","article-title":"Decreased Expression of Neuropilin-1 As A Novel Key Factor Contributing to Peripheral Microvasculopathy An Defective Angiogenesis in Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"75","author":"Romano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026579711033","article-title":"Neuropilin is a mediator of angiogenesis","volume":"19","author":"Miao","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.09.068","article-title":"Down-regulation of placental neuropilin-1 in fetal growth restriction","volume":"214","author":"Maulik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.23605","article-title":"Maternal plasma soluble neu-ropilin-1 is downregulated in fetal growth restriction complicated by abnormal umbilical artery Doppler: A pilot study","volume":"58","author":"Porter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultra-Sound Obstet. Gynecol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/11\/3718\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:40:24Z","timestamp":1760031624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/11\/3718"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14113718"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14113718","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2077-0383"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]}}}