{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T19:40:05Z","timestamp":1790451605896,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Italy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Minimally verbal autistic children face significant communication challenges, often unmet by traditional therapies. Social robots, like NAO, offer predictable, structured interactions that may improve engagement and language skills. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of NAO-assisted therapy in improving communication and social interaction in minimally verbal autistic children compared to standard therapeutic approaches. Methods: In a single-blind, randomized, controlled study, 37 autistic children aged 4\u201312 years were assigned to either NAO-assisted therapy or standard speech therapy. Participants were assigned to either an NAO-assisted therapy group or a standard speech therapy control group. The intervention included 12 weekly 45 min sessions. Communication outcomes were measured using the Language Development Level Test (TVL) and mand request observations. Results: All 37 participants completed the 12 sessions without adverse events, highlighting the intervention\u2019s feasibility and safety. Children in the NAO-assisted therapy group showed greater improvements in verbal communication (on average, 159 \u00b1 49% more children exhibited improvement across verbal aspects (range: 107\u2013284%; p &lt; 0.001)) particularly in spontaneous communication, compared to the control group. The therapy also increased mand production (from 6.8 \u00b1 4.3 in session 1 to 16.7 \u00b1 7.7 in session 12; p &lt; 0.001; average gain: 0.9 per session), demonstrating steady growth in communicative initiative. These findings underscore the structured and engaging nature of NAO-assisted therapy in supporting consistent progress in communication skills. Conclusions: NAO-assisted therapy is a promising, safe, and effective intervention for enhancing communication in minimally verbal autistic children, offering unique benefits in promoting spontaneous and consistent verbal engagement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14113735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T09:29:36Z","timestamp":1748338176000},"page":"3735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Enhancing Communication in Minimally Verbal Autistic Children: A Study on NAO-Assisted Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4275-4340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcella","family":"Di Cara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Via Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"La Fauci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Via Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Tresoldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Via Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy"},{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology and Auditory Microsurgery Unit, Department of Experimental Medical-Surgery, Specialist and Odontostomatologica Science, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Rita","family":"Caputo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Via Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9456-0177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Borzelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179  Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Maggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Progetto Dopo di Noi Societa Cooperativa Arl, Via Kennedy 217, 98051 Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Campestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Progetto Dopo di Noi Societa Cooperativa Arl, Via Kennedy 217, 98051 Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Barbera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Progetto Dopo di Noi Societa Cooperativa Arl, Via Kennedy 217, 98051 Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Piccolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Via Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8868-8485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmela","family":"De Domenico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Via Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Di Blasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Via Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8566-3166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rocco Salvatore","family":"Calabr\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Via Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuela","family":"Tripodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Via Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Impallomeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Via Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8477-7826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Cucinotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Via Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"CD012324","article-title":"Communication interventions for autism spectrum disorder in minimally verbal children","volume":"11","author":"Brignell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. 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