{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:19:20Z","timestamp":1760059160517,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) receiving disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) may exhibit altered immune responses to infections such as SARS-CoV-2. This study aimed to characterize the cytokine profiles associated with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and to identify immune markers related to the persistence of the humoral response in pwMS. Methods: A total of 90 pwMS were recruited before the introduction of COVID-19 vaccination in Spain; 46 were seropositive\u2014defined by the presence of IgG, IgM, or IgA antibodies against SARS-CoV-2\u2014and 44 were seronegative. We compared baseline cytokine levels between groups and followed seropositive individuals for six months to assess IgG antibody persistence. Results: Seropositive patients showed significantly lower baseline levels of IL-10, IL-23, and IFN-\u03b1 compared to seronegative individuals. Notably, elevated IL-18 at baseline was associated with persistent IgG seropositivity at six months. Conclusions: These findings suggest a distinct cytokine profile in SARS-CoV-2\u2013exposed pwMS and highlight IL-18 as a potential marker of sustained humoral response. This study provides insight into host-virus immune dynamics in MS patients and may help guide future strategies for infection monitoring and immune evaluation in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14113736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T09:29:36Z","timestamp":1748338176000},"page":"3736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Profile of Cytokines Associated with SARS-CoV2 Seropositivity in Multiple Sclerosis Patients and Its Persistence over Six Months"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"Sancho-Salda\u00f1a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Neurolog\u00eda, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova, 25198 Lleida, Spain"},{"name":"Servicio de Neuroinmunolog\u00eda, Institut de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica de Lleida-IRBLleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0738-5578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Gil-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Neuroinmunolog\u00eda, Institut de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica de Lleida-IRBLleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bibiana","family":"Quirant-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Division, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, Immunology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Boigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Division, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Canudes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Neuroinmunolog\u00eda, Institut de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica de Lleida-IRBLleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Peralta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Neurolog\u00eda, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova, 25198 Lleida, Spain"},{"name":"Servicio de Neuroinmunolog\u00eda, Institut de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica de Lleida-IRBLleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Solana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Neurolog\u00eda, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova, 25198 Lleida, Spain"},{"name":"Servicio de Neuroinmunolog\u00eda, Institut de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica de Lleida-IRBLleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6387-8764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Mingot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Neurolog\u00eda, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova, 25198 Lleida, Spain"},{"name":"Servicio de Neuroinmunolog\u00eda, Institut de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica de Lleida-IRBLleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Lleida (UdL), 25198 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Quibus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Neuroinmunolog\u00eda, Institut de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica de Lleida-IRBLleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Mart\u00ednez-C\u00e1ceres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Division, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital and Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, Immunology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7903-3478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pascual","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Neuroinmunolog\u00eda, Institut de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica de Lleida-IRBLleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain"},{"name":"Metabolic Pathophysiology Research Group, Department of Experimental Medicine, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), University of Lleida (UdL), 25198 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Vicente","family":"Herv\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Neurolog\u00eda, Hospital de Sant Joan Desp\u00ed Mois\u00e9s Broggi, 08970 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6394-3323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith","family":"Moreno-Magallon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Neuroinmunolog\u00eda, Institut de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica de Lleida-IRBLleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5871-6189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Brieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Neurolog\u00eda, Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova, 25198 Lleida, Spain"},{"name":"Servicio de Neuroinmunolog\u00eda, Institut de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica de Lleida-IRBLleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Lleida (UdL), 25198 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"Synthetic Strategies in Molecular Imprinting","volume":"123","author":"Lei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. 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