{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T12:26:24Z","timestamp":1785932784033,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":190,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Bilateral movement training (BMT) and interlimb coupling have emerged as promising neurophysiologically-based rehabilitation approaches for stroke survivors. However, the underlying mechanisms and optimal implementation strategies remain incompletely understood. This systematic review explored the neurophysiological principles underlying BMT and interlimb coupling interventions that led to positive clinical post-stroke rehabilitation outcomes, focusing on identifying the most effective bilateral and interlimb movement strategies. Methods: A 10-year literature search (2014\u20132024) following PRISMA guidelines was conducted across PubMed, Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases using keywords including stroke rehabilitation, bilateral movement training, cross-education, interlimb coupling, and interlimb transfer. Studies were included if they involved human subjects, clinical trials, stroke survivors, and described bilateral training protocols. Data extraction focused on neurophysiological mechanisms, intervention characteristics, and clinical outcomes. Quality assessment was performed using validated methodological appraisal tools, including the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and Cochrane RoB 2.0. Results: Of 199 initially identified studies, 28 met inclusion criteria for detailed analysis. BMT demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing motor recovery by engaging neurophysiological mechanisms, including central pattern generators, interhemispheric coupling, and cortical disinhibition. High-intensity BMT provided significant gains for individuals with moderate to severe impairments, while low-intensity training benefited early recovery stages. Interventions incorporating task-specific exercises, robotic assistance, sensory enhancement, and virtual reality showed particular promise for addressing motor recovery complexities. However, significant research gaps were identified, including limited understanding of individualized responses to BMT, insufficient research on combined upper and lower limb training, and minimal integration of advanced technologies. Conclusions: BMT and interlimb coupling play critical roles in post-stroke rehabilitation by facilitating neural plasticity and interlimb coordination. Integrating robotic assistance, sensory enhancement, and virtual reality with BMT offers a robust framework for maximizing rehabilitation outcomes. Future research should prioritize longitudinal studies, personalized rehabilitation approaches, technology integration, and stratified interventions tailored to individual needs to optimize neuroplasticity and enhance quality of life for stroke survivors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14113757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T11:12:57Z","timestamp":1748344377000},"page":"3757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Post-Stroke Rehabilitation: Neurophysiology Processes of Bilateral Movement Training and Interlimb Coupling\u2014A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4303-5691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan A.","family":"Kuipers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Carrick Institute, Cape Canaveral, FL 32920, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0958-5717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norman","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Carrick Institute, Cape Canaveral, FL 32920, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2818-6551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederick R.","family":"Carrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Carrick Institute, Cape Canaveral, FL 32920, USA"},{"name":"Centre for Mental Health Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK"},{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA"},{"name":"Burnett School of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA"},{"name":"MGH Institute for Health Professions, Boston, MA 02129, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5410-9085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mon\u00e8m","family":"Jemni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Carrick Institute, Cape Canaveral, FL 32920, USA"},{"name":"Centre for Mental Health Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Physical Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0000000000000065","article-title":"Motor priming in neurorehabilitation","volume":"39","author":"Stoykov","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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