{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T01:38:36Z","timestamp":1789609116312,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME\/CFS) is a debilitating condition with not fully understood causes, though evidence points to immune system involvement and possible autoimmunity. ME\/CFS could be triggered by various infectious pathogens, like SARS-CoV-2; furthermore, a subset of the post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) patients fulfill the diagnostic criteria of ME\/CFS. According to the Canadian Consensus Criteria (CCC), the presence of specific symptoms such as fatigue, post-exertional malaise, sleep dysfunction, pain, neurological\/cognitive manifestations, and symptoms from at least two of the following categories lead to the diagnosis of ME\/CFS: autonomic, neuroendocrine, and immune manifestation. In this study, the patient selection was based on the identification of ME\/CFS patients with elevated autoantibodies, regardless of the triggering factor of their condition. Methods: The aim of this study was to identify ME\/CFS patients among long COVID patients with elevated autoantibodies. In seven cases, plasmapheresis (PE) and intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIGs) with repetitive autoantibody measurements were applied: four PE sessions on days 1, 5, 30, and 60, and a low-dose IVIG therapy after each treatment. Antibodies were measured before the first PE and two weeks after the last PE session. To monitor clinical outcomes, the following somatic and psychometric follow-up assessments were conducted before the first PE, 2 weeks after the second, and 2 weeks after the last PE: the Schellong test, ISI (insomnia), FSS (fatigue), HADS (depression and anxiety), and EQ-5D-5L (quality of life) questionnaires. Results: There was a negative association between both the \u03b22-adrenergic and M3-muscarinic receptor autoantibody concentration and the quality of life measurements assessed with the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire. Per 1 U\/mL increase in the concentration levels of \u03b22-adrenergic receptor antibodies or M3-muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antibodies, the EQ-5D-5L index score [\u22120.59 to 1] decreased by 0.01 (0.63%) or 0.02 (1.26%), respectively. There were no significant associations between the ISI, HADS, and FSS questionnaires and the \u03b21-adrenergic and M4-muscarinic receptor antibodies titers. Conclusions: After a thorough selection of patients with present autoantibodies, this pilot study found negative associations concerning autoantibody concentration and somatic, as well as psychological wellbeing. To validate these promising feasibility study results\u2014indicating the potential therapeutic potential of antibody-lowering methods\u2014further investigation with larger sample sizes is needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14113802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T06:25:04Z","timestamp":1748499904000},"page":"3802","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Effect on Quality of Life of Therapeutic Plasmapheresis and Intravenous Immunoglobulins on a Population of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis\/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Patients with Elevated \u03b2-Adrenergic and M3-Muscarinic Receptor Antibodies\u2014A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Bogl\u00e1rka","family":"Oesch-R\u00e9geni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Transplant Medicine, HOCH Health Eastern Switzerland, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital M\u00fcnsterlingen, 8596 M\u00fcnsterlingen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Germann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, HOCH Health Eastern Switzerland, Hospital Linth, 8730 Uznach, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Hafer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, HOCH Health Eastern Switzerland, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dagmar","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychosomatic Medicine and Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry, HOCH Health Eastern Switzerland, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Arn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Transplant Medicine, HOCH Health Eastern Switzerland, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stein, E., Heindrich, C., Wittke, K., Kedor, C., Kim, L., Freitag, H., Kr\u00fcger, A., T\u00f6lle, M., and Scheibenbogen, C. 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