{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T22:15:12Z","timestamp":1789683312438,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Inflammation plays an important role in the initiation of atrial fibrillation (AF) and the development of fibrosis following pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). We aimed to investigate whether early post-PVI levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cells, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-\u00df1) are associated with long-term arrhythmia recurrence. Methods: This prospective observational study included 48 patients with paroxysmal AF undergoing PVI. Peripheral venous blood samples were collected on the day of hospitalisation (T0), immediately after the procedure (T1) and after 24 h (T2), seven days (T3) and one month (T4) following the procedure. Blood samples were obtained from the coronary sinus (CS) before and after PVI. CRP levels, leukocyte (LKc) and neutrophile (Neu) counts were determined. TGF-\u03b21 and TNF-\u03b1 were analysed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). After discharge, follow-up visits were scheduled at seven days and one-, three-, six-, nine- and twelve-months post-ablation, with 24 h Holter monitoring at each visit. Results: Patients were allocated into a recurrent and a non-recurrent group. Baseline characteristics did not differ between the groups, except for the duration of AF, which was found to be a significant arrhythmia recurrence predictor. Patients in the non-recurrent group had statistically significantly higher LKc at all time points, and Neu at T2 and T3. CRP and TGF-\u03b21 concentrations were significantly higher in the non-recurrent group, while TNF-\u03b1 concentration was significantly higher in the recurrent group at the T2 time point. Significantly higher concentrations of CS TNF-\u03b1 at T1 and TGF-\u03b21 at T0 and T1 were documented in the non-recurrent group. Conclusions: The study shows that an enhanced inflammatory response early after PVI, characterised by increased CRP, WBC and TGF-\u03b21 levels, may play a protective role against late arrhythmia recurrence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14113874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T10:21:49Z","timestamp":1748859709000},"page":"3874","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Detection of Early Changes in Inflammatory Response After Pulmonary Vein Isolation in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation Can Predict Late Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1583-8116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Lanca Bastiancic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, Tome Strizica 3, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Grgic Romic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, Tome Strizica 3, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4436-7552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Snjezana","family":"Hrabric Vlah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, Tome Strizica 3, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2645-5364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vlatka","family":"Soto\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"},{"name":"Clinic for Anesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Management, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medical Studies II, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, Viktora Cara Emina 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Klasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, Tome Strizica 3, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5250-9339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petra","family":"Baumgartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, Tome Strizica 3, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mate","family":"Mavric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, Tome Strizica 3, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandro","family":"Brusich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, Tome Strizica 3, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2014.118","article-title":"Global epidemiology of atrial fibrillation","volume":"11","author":"Rahman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. 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