{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T02:26:44Z","timestamp":1790389604584,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jagiellonian University Medical College","award":["N41\/DBS\/000936"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N41\/DBS\/000936"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease associated with an increased prevalence of cardiac and cerebrovascular events. Despite advancements in management, no validated tools exist that can predict the risk of ischemic stroke in SLE patients. However, several studies have demonstrated an association between a higher CHA2DS2-VASc score and an enhanced risk of ischemic stroke in autoimmune diseases without atrial fibrillation (AF) or atrial flutter (AFL). Recently, the European Society of Cardiology suggested the use of a revised score of CHA2DS2-VASc without taking sex into account (CHA2DS2-VA). Therefore, we sought to check if the new CHA2DS2-VA score might predict stroke or other cardiovascular events in SLE patients without AF\/AFL. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the records of patients with SLE treated at the University Hospital in Krak\u00f3w, Poland, from 2012 to 2022. Patients with a history of AF\/AFL were excluded. Results: This study enrolled 787 SLE patients without AF\/AFL (aged 49 (38\u201360) years) with a predominance of women (n = 705, 89.58%). Common comorbidities included arterial hypertension (n = 376, 47.78%) and hypercholesterolemia (n = 345, 43.84%). Most non-AF\/AFL SLE patients had 0\u20131 points in the CHA2DS2-VA score (n = 514, 65.31%). Overall, ischemic stroke occurred in 47 cases during a median follow-up of 8 (4\u201317) years regarding time from the SLE diagnosis to the stroke, with the incidence rising from 0% (n = 0\/297) to 28% (n = 14\/50) as the CHA2DS2-VA score increased from 0 to \u22655 points. No ischemic strokes or other thromboembolic events occurred among the 575 (73.06%) patients with a CHA2DS2-VA score of 0\u20132 points. In the whole cohort, patients with \u22653 points in the CHA2DS2-VA score (n = 212, 26.94%) were older at the last visit, had longer disease duration, were more commonly of the male sex, and were diagnosed more frequently with ischemic stroke or other thromboembolic events in their medical history (p &lt; 0.05, for all) compared to those with 0\u20132 points (n = 575, 73.06%). However, in multivariable logistic regression, among the CHA2DS2-VA components, only older age (\u226550 years) was related to the increased risk of thromboembolic complications (OR = 2.09, 95% CI: 1.36\u20133.22). Other determining factors included the presence of lupus anticoagulant (OR = 3.39, 95% CI: 2.20\u20135.27) and neurological SLE symptoms (OR = 2.19, 95% CI: 1.19\u20134.02). Interestingly, male sex (OR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.22\u20130.52) and general SLE symptoms (OR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.28\u20130.67) were associated with a decreased risk of thromboembolic events in this model (p = 0.034, for the model). Conclusions: SLE-related factors seem important for the onset of thromboembolic episodes. However, a higher CHA2DS2-VA score may also help to identify SLE patients with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, including stroke. Prospective studies with a long-term analysis need to be validated using the CHA2DS2-VA score to predict stroke risk in SLE patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14113920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T06:21:51Z","timestamp":1748931711000},"page":"3920","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Thromboembolic Episodes in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Without Atrial Fibrillation\/Atrial Flutter Are Related to the Presence of at Least 3 Points in the CHA2DS2-VA Score: A Comprehensive Retrospective Analysis of 787 Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0321-3557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rados\u0142aw","family":"Dziedzic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jagiellonian University Medical College, Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, \u015bw. \u0141azarza 16, 31-530 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7001-7340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"W\u0119giel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital in Krak\u00f3w, 2nd Department of Cardiology, Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2258-0248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"And\u017celika","family":"Siwiec-Ko\u017alik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital in Krak\u00f3w, Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Internal Medicine, Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2209-1436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Spa\u0142kowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jagiellonian University Medical College, Department of Dermatology, Botaniczna 3, 31-501 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2221-614X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lech","family":"Zar\u0119ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rzesz\u00f3w, Institute of Computer Science, Pigonia 1, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9634-0963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanis\u0142awa","family":"Bazan-Socha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital in Krak\u00f3w, Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Internal Medicine, Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Jagiellonian University Medical College, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1749-9739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz","family":"Korkosz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital in Krak\u00f3w, Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Internal Medicine, Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Jagiellonian University Medical College, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1013-2253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Kosa\u0142ka-W\u0119giel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital in Krak\u00f3w, Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Internal Medicine, Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Jagiellonian University Medical College, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00398-2","article-title":"Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"403","author":"Hoi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60128-8","article-title":"Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"384","author":"Lisnevskaia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1100359","article-title":"Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"365","author":"Tsokos","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. 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