{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T20:14:57Z","timestamp":1792440897065,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Male infertility is a prevalent condition affecting approximately 15% of couples worldwide. Recent evidence indicates that, beyond its immediate reproductive implications, male infertility may reflect broader health concerns. Large-scale cohort studies consistently show that men with poorer semen parameters have elevated all-cause mortality compared to fertile counterparts, with a dose-dependent pattern whereby more severe abnormalities correlate with a higher risk of early death. Proposed mechanisms linking infertility to reduced life expectancy encompass genetic, hormonal, and lifestyle factors. For instance, Klinefelter syndrome exemplifies a genetic cause of azoospermia that also predisposes to metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and certain malignancies. Low testosterone, a frequent finding in testicular dysfunction, is implicated in obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease, all of which can shorten lifespan. Additionally, psychosocial stress and depression\u2014commonly reported among infertile men\u2014may contribute to health-compromising behaviors. Environmental exposures and socioeconomic factors further compound these risks. Collectively, these data underscore the importance of recognizing male infertility as an early indicator of potentially modifiable health vulnerabilities. A comprehensive evaluation of infertile men should therefore extend beyond fertility assessments to include screening for chronic diseases, hormonal imbalances, and mental health issues. Targeted surveillance for specific cancers (e.g., testicular and prostate) and early interventions\u2014such as lifestyle modifications, appropriate hormonal therapies, and psychosocial support\u2014can improve both reproductive outcomes and long-term well-being. Given these insights, male fertility assessment may serve as a valuable gateway to broader men\u2019s healthcare, prompting proactive strategies that mitigate associated risks and potentially enhance longevity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14113930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T08:01:07Z","timestamp":1748937667000},"page":"3930","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Male Infertility and Reduced Life Expectancy: Epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Clinical Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4651-312X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aris","family":"Kaltsas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Urology, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5811-8474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Koumenis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Urology, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marios","family":"Stavropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Urology, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7281-3308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zisis","family":"Kratiras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Urology, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Deligiannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Urology, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Adamos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Urology, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Chrisofos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Urology, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32667-2","article-title":"Male infertility","volume":"397","author":"Agarwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmx021","article-title":"The diagnosis of male infertility: An analysis of the evidence to support the development of global WHO guidance-challenges and future research opportunities","volume":"23","author":"Barratt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. 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