{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:58:50Z","timestamp":1790812730470,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Council (Grand Challenge Fund)","award":["67-060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["67-060"]}]},{"name":"Health Systems Research Institute (HSRI)","award":["67-060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["67-060"]}]},{"name":"the Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology at Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital","award":["67-060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["67-060"]}]},{"name":"the MK Restaurant Group","award":["67-060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["67-060"]}]},{"name":"Aunt Thongkham Foundation","award":["67-060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["67-060"]}]},{"name":"the Education and Public Welfare Foundation","award":["67-060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["67-060"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains a global health challenge, contributing to chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. In Thailand, HCV prevalence has declined from ~2% in the 1990s due to universal blood screening, harm reduction, and expanded treatment. This narrative review draws on diverse sources\u2014including PubMed and Scopus databases, international and national health websites, government reports, and local communications\u2014to compile epidemiological data, genotype distribution, and elimination strategies, with a focus on Phetchabun province, Thailand, as a model for achieving the World Health Organization\u2019s (WHO) hepatitis C elimination targets. National surveys in 2004, 2014, and 2024 show a prevalence drop from 2.15% to 0.56%. However, HCV persists among high-risk groups, including people who inject drugs, people living with HIV, patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis, and prisoners. Thailand\u2019s National Health Security Office has expanded treatment access, including universal screening for those born before 1992. The Phetchabun Model, launched in 2017, employs a decentralized test-to-treat strategy. By April 2024, 88.64% (288,203\/324,916) of the target population was screened, and 4.88% were anti-HCV positive. Among those tested, 72.61% were HCV-RNA positive, and 88.17% received direct-acting antivirals (i.e., SOF\/VEL), achieving &gt;96% sustained virological response. The Phetchabun Model demonstrates a scalable approach for HCV elimination. Addressing testing costs, improving access, and integrating microelimination strategies into national policy are essential to achieving the WHO\u2019s 2030 goals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14113946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T11:55:52Z","timestamp":1748951752000},"page":"3946","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Microelimination of Hepatitis C in Thailand, Phetchabun Model: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2337-6807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Poovorawan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Fellow of the Royal Society of Thailand (FRS [T]), Royal Society of Thailand, Sanam Sueapa, Dusit, Bangkok 10300, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9482-6353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sitthichai","family":"Kanokudom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0714-6470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nungruthai","family":"Suntronwong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2250-0017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pornjarim","family":"Nilyanimit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9391-663X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ritthideach","family":"Yorsaeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wijittra","family":"Phaengkha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nam Nao Hospital, Nam Nao District, Phetchabun 67260, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Napaporn","family":"Pimsing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phetchabun Provincial Public Health Office, Phetchabun 67000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chatree","family":"Jullapetch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of AIDS and STIs, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2025, April 12). Hepatitis C [Updated on 9 April 2024]. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hepatitis-c."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)91094-B","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus infection in Egyptian volunteer blood donors in Riyadh","volume":"338","author":"Saeed","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2025, May 14). WHO Commends Egypt for Its Progress on the Path to Eliminate Hepatitis C [Updated on 9 October 2023]. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/09-10-2023-who-commends-egypt-for-its-progress-on-the-path-to-eliminate-hepatitis-c."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stroffolini, T., and Stroffolini, G. (2024). Prevalence and modes of transmission of hepatitis C virus infection: A historical worldwide review. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16071115"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180257","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.180257","article-title":"The epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Pakistan: Systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"5","author":"Mahmud","year":"2018","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S204","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad022","article-title":"Barriers and strategies for hepatitis B and C elimination in Pakistan","volume":"228","author":"Qureshi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.26719\/2010.16.Supp.15","article-title":"Prevalence of hepatitis B and C viral infections in Pakistan: Findings of a national survey appealing for effective prevention and control measures","volume":"16","author":"Qureshi","year":"2010","journal-title":"East. Mediterr. Health J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(17)30249-2","article-title":"Hepatitis C in sub-Saharan Africa: The current status and recommendations for achieving elimination by 2030","volume":"2","author":"Sonderup","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00264-5","article-title":"Epidemiology of chronic hepatitis C virus infection in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"2","author":"Madhava","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Botheju, W.S.P., Zghyer, F., Mahmud, S., Terlikbayeva, A., El-Bassel, N., and Abu-Raddad, L.J. (2019). The epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Central Asia: Systematic review, meta-analyses, and meta-regression analyses. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-38853-8"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01501-08","article-title":"Genetic history of hepatitis C virus in East Asia","volume":"83","author":"Pybus","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"609","article-title":"Hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus in Thai blood donors","volume":"42","author":"Chimparlee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S2055-6640(20)31093-1","article-title":"The impact of Thailand\u2019s public health response to the HIV epidemic 1984\u20132015: Understanding the ingredients of success","volume":"2","author":"Siraprapasiri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virus. Erad."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2009.08.002","article-title":"Expanding the reach of harm reduction in Thailand: Experiences with a drug user-run drop-in centre","volume":"21","author":"Kerr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug. Policy"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poovorawan, K., Pan-Ngum, W., White, L.J., Soonthornworasiri, N., Wilairatana, P., Wasitthankasem, R., Tangkijvanich, P., and Poovorawan, Y. (2016). Estimating the impact of expanding treatment coverage and allocation strategies for chronic hepatitis C in a direct antiviral agent era. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163095"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2017). Global Hepatitis Report, WHO. Available online: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/255016\/1\/9789241565455-eng.pdf?ua&equals."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2025, April 12). Combating Hepatitis B and C to Reach Elimination by 2030. [Updated on 27 May 2016]. Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/206453\/WHO_HIV_2016.04_eng.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken1952.43.29","article-title":"Prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibody among healthy blood donors and non-A, non-B hepatitis patients in Thailand","volume":"43","author":"Boonmar","year":"1990","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"611","article-title":"Seroprevalence of anti-HCV among HIV-infected persons and general population","volume":"78","author":"Suwanagool","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Med. Assoc. Thai."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.52.121","article-title":"Seroprevalence and subtype distribution of hepatitis C virus among blood donors and intravenous drug users in northern\/northeastern Thailand","volume":"52","author":"Apichartpiyakul","year":"1999","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/11.supp4.19","article-title":"Epidemiology of HCV infection in the general population and in blood transfusion","volume":"11","author":"Janot","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial Transplant."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890440313","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus infection in patients with chronic liver disease or chronic renal failure and blood donors in Thailand","volume":"44","author":"Luengrojanakul","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"175","article-title":"Seroepidemiology and genotypes of hepatitis C virus in Thailand","volume":"25","author":"Sunanchaikarn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Asian. Pac. J. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wasitthankasem, R., Posuwan, N., Vichaiwattana, P., Theamboonlers, A., Klinfueng, S., Vuthitanachot, V., Thanetkongtong, N., Saelao, S., Foonoi, M., and Fakthongyoo, A. (2016). Decreasing hepatitis C virus infection in Thailand in the past decade: Evidence from the 2014 national survey. PLoS ONE, 11, Erratum in PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0152451.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152451"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15827","article-title":"Seroprevalence and burden of hepatitis C virus infection in WHO South-East Asia region: A systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Goel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wasitthankasem, R., Vongpunsawad, S., Siripon, N., Suya, C., Chulothok, P., Chaiear, K., Rujirojindakul, P., Kanjana, S., Theamboonlers, A., and Tangkijvanich, P. (2015). Genotypic distribution of hepatitis C virus in Thailand and Southeast Asia. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126764"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0817","article-title":"Prevalence of hepatitis C virus in an endemic area of Thailand: Burden assessment toward HCV elimination","volume":"103","author":"Wasitthankasem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rattanavipapong, W., Anothaisintawee, T., and Teerawattananon, Y. (2018). Revisiting policy on chronic HCV treatment under the Thai Universal Health Coverage: An economic evaluation and budget impact analysis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193112"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"National Health Security Office (NHSO) (2025, April 12). NHSO Added New Hepatitis C Medication to Scheme [Updated 09 February 2021], Available online: https:\/\/eng.nhso.go.th\/view\/1\/DescriptionNews\/NHSO-added-new-hepatitis-C-medication-to-scheme\/279\/EN-US#:~:text=The%20National%20Health%20Security%20Board,for%20all%20hepatitis%20C%20genotypes."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Department and Disease Control (DDC) (2025, April 12). Invites You to Explore the Benefits of Screening and Treatment for Hepatitis B and C (News and Update by DAS) [Updated 4 August 2023], Available online: https:\/\/ddc.moph.go.th\/das\/news.php?news=36138."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamoud, Y.A., Mumtaz, G.R., Riome, S., Miller, D., and Abu-Raddad, L.J. (2013). The epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Egypt: A systematic review and data synthesis. BMC Infect. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-288"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)06527-7","article-title":"The role of parenteral antischistosomal therapy in the spread of hepatitis C virus in Egypt","volume":"355","author":"Frank","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2147\/HMER.S113681","article-title":"Hepatitis C infection in Egypt: Prevalence, impact and management strategies","volume":"9","author":"Gomaa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatic Med. Evid. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12397","article-title":"Optimizing treatment for HCV genotype 4: PEG-IFN alfa 2a vs. PEG-IFN alfa 2b; the debate continues","volume":"34","author":"Esmat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomaa, A., Gomaa, M., Allam, N., and Waked, I. (2024). Hepatitis C elimination in Egypt: Story of success. Pathogens, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13080681"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr1912628","article-title":"Screening and treatment program to eliminate hepatitis C in Egypt","volume":"382","author":"Waked","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Phetchabun Province Statistic Office (2025, April 12). Phetchabun Provincial Statistical Report: 2023, Available online: https:\/\/phchabun.nso.go.th\/images\/report\/statistical_report\/CoverReportPRO2023-01%20Final.pdf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wasitthankasem, R., Vichaiwattana, P., Siripon, N., Posuwan, N., Auphimai, C., Klinfueng, S., Thaneskongtong, N., Vuthitanachot, V., Saiyatha, S., and Thongmai, C. (2017). Assessment of hepatitis C virus infection in two adjacent Thai provinces with drastically different seroprevalence. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177022"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wasitthankasem, R., Vichaiwattana, P., Siripon, N., Posuwan, N., Auphimai, C., Klinfueng, S., Thanetkongtong, N., Vuthitanachot, V., Saiyatha, S., and Thongmai, C. (2018). Birth-cohort HCV screening target in Thailand to expand and optimize the national HCV screening for public health policy. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202991"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S198","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac490","article-title":"Simplified test-to-treat strategy for hepatitis C in Thailand: The Phetchabun model","volume":"228","author":"Wasitthankasem","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-1016","article-title":"Prescreening with a rapid diagnostic test followed by a confirmatory qualitative nucleic acid test can simplify hepatitis C diagnosis","volume":"106","author":"Wasitthankasem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4008","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4008","article-title":"HCV core antigen is an alternative marker to HCV RNA for evaluating active HCV infection: Implications for improved diagnostic option in an era of affordable DAAs","volume":"5","author":"Wasitthankasem","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hansoongnern, P., Pratedrat, P., Nilyanimit, P., Wasitthankasem, R., Posuwan, N., Wanlapakorn, N., Kodchakorn, K., Kongtawelert, P., Pimsing, N., and Poovorawan, Y. (2023). An amino acid substitution in HCV core antigen limits its use as a reliable measure of HCV infection compared with HCV RNA. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287694"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"National Health Security Office of Thailand (NHSO) (2025, May 23). Payment for Public Health Services for Hepatitis C Treatment-Issue No. 2 [Updated on 17 September 2023]. Available online: https:\/\/www.uckkpho.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/05.pdf."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Ministry of Public Health of Thailand (MOPH) (2025, May 23). Thailand Practice Guideline for Eliminate Hepatitis C [Updated on May 2022], Available online: https:\/\/ddc.moph.go.th\/uploads\/publish\/1466820230926064645.pdf."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"National Health Security Office of Thailand (NHSO) (2025, May 23). New Medication Reduces Hepatitis C Testing Steps [Updated on 11 February 2021]. Available online: https:\/\/eng.nhso.go.th\/view\/1\/DescriptionNews\/New-medication-reduces-hepatitis-C-testing-steps\/286\/EN-US."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi) (2025, May 23). Thai Partners Unite with DNDi to Improve Access to Treatments and Diagnostics for People with Hepatitis C in Thailand [Updated on 1 Jun 2022]. Available online: https:\/\/dndi.org\/press-releases\/2022\/thai-partners-unite-with-dndi-improve-access-treatments-diagnostics-for-people-with-hepatitisc-in-thailand\/."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"National Health Security Office of Thailand (NHSO) (2025, May 23). Thai Partners Unite with DNDi to Improve Access to Treatments and Diagnostics for People with Hepatitis C in Thailand [Updated on 25 October 2024], Available online: https:\/\/www.nhso.go.th\/en\/news-reatures\/events-new\/20th-year-nhso-moving-forward-to-the-3rd-decade-new-2."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le, D.H.H., Kanokudom, S., Nguyen, H.M., Yorsaeng, R., Honsawek, S., Vongpunsawad, S., and Poovorawan, Y. (2024). Hepatitis C virus-core antigen: Implications in diagnostic, treatment monitoring and clinical outcomes. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16121863"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2022.100650","article-title":"Sofosbuvir plus velpatasvir for 8 weeks in patients with acute hepatitis C: The HepNet acute HCV-V study","volume":"5","author":"Maasoumy","year":"2022","journal-title":"JHEP Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-024-02544-2","article-title":"Efficacy of 8-week daclatasvir-sofosbuvir regimen in chronic hepatitis C: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Farrag","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1402355","article-title":"Ledipasvir and sofosbuvir for 8 or 12 weeks for chronic HCV without cirrhosis","volume":"370","author":"Kowdley","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000001084","article-title":"The clinical challenge of managing patients after sustained virological response with direct-acting antivirals for Hepatitis C","volume":"41","author":"Pocurull","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) (2020). Clinical practice guidelines panel: Chair: EASL governing board representative: Panel members: EASL recommendations on treatment of hepatitis C: Final update of the series. J. Hepatol., 73, 1170\u20131218."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.07.020","article-title":"Real-life effectiveness and safety of sofosbuvir\/velpatasvir\/voxilaprevir in hepatitis C patients with previous DAA failure","volume":"71","author":"Degasperi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.18020","article-title":"Real-life effectiveness of sofosbuvir\/velpatasvir\/voxilaprevir in hepatitis C patients previously treated with sofosbuvir\/velpatasvir or glecaprevir\/pibrentasvir","volume":"60","author":"Llaneras","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serumondo, J., Barebwanuwe, P., Sheferaw, E.D., Iyonizera, J., Berabose, C., Umuraza, S., Ntuyenabo, C., Kwizera, K.R., Dushimiyimana, D., and Umutesi, J. (2025). Introducing Sofosbuvir\/Velpatasvir + Ribavirin as a generic retreatment regimen for hepatitis C: Evaluation of a government program in Rwanda. Clin. Infect. Dis.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae637"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-3467(07)60142-6","article-title":"Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: Secrets of the trade","volume":"5","author":"Green","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Chiropr. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1179\/2047480615Z.000000000329","article-title":"Writing narrative style literature reviews","volume":"24","author":"Ferrari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Writ."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/11\/3946\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:46:49Z","timestamp":1760032009000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/11\/3946"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14113946"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14113946","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]}}}