{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:50:59Z","timestamp":1787028659803,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, and it can be interconnected with psychoneurotic disorders due to the psychological and emotional stress that comes with such a chronic condition. The aim of this study was to examine the characteristics of the occurrence of anxiety, depression and open-angle glaucoma (OAG) in glaucoma patients from December 2023 to December 2024. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 patients with three different stages of OAG. Multiple questionnaires were used to determine the influence of different OAG stages on the severity of anxiety and depression. Results: While predicting the anxiety expression, in a multivariate logistic regression (stepwise method), there was a significant model in predicting the expression of anxiety: female gender (Odds ratio (OR) = 3.03), age of 66 and over (OR = 3.4) and the feeling of being under stress (OR = 7.07). In the prediction of a higher severity of depression, predictors are age 66 and older (OR = 2.03) and feeling stressed (OR = 9.47). Conclusions: While glaucoma and psychoneurotic disorders affect different systems in the body, the psychological toll of living with glaucoma can lead to exacerbation of glaucoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14113954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T11:55:52Z","timestamp":1748951752000},"page":"3954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Presence of Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Open-Angle Glaucoma of Different Degrees of Damage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1150-8742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marija","family":"Oluji\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Polyclinic Dr. Balog, Ivana Gunduli\u0107a 36 b, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7269-3534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dubravka","family":"Biuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Clinic for Eye Diseases, Clinical Hospital Centre Osijek, Europska Avenija 14, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6988-9432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Slaven","family":"Balog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Polyclinic Dr. Balog, Ivana Gunduli\u0107a 36 b, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2120-9666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Kotromanovi\u0107 \u0160imi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9594-4650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darko","family":"Kotromanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Oncology Clinic, Clinical Hospital Centre Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarina","family":"Dodig-\u0106urkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Institute for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Clinical Hospital Centre Osijek, Europska Avenija 14, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Crkvena 21, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2883","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_508_22","article-title":"Study of anxiety in patients with glaucoma undergoing standard automated perimetry and optical coherence tomography\u2014A prospective comparative study","volume":"70","author":"Kaliaperumal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01289-8","article-title":"Glaucoma: Now and beyond","volume":"402","author":"Jayaram","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.01.004","article-title":"Glaucoma","volume":"105","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Bu\u0161i\u0107, M., Elabjer Kuzmanovi\u0107, B., and Bosnar, D. (2014). Seminaria Ophthalmologica, Cerovski d.o.o.. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Mari\u010di\u0107 Do\u0161en, V. (2025, April 30). Glaukom\u2014Rana dijagnostika i lije\u010denje. Medix: Spec. Med. Dvomjese\u010dnik, 2008, 14. Available online: https:\/\/www.medix.hr\/glaukom--rana-dijagnostika-i-lijecenje_eng."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Hrvatska enciklopedija (2025, March 20). glaukom\u2014Hrvatska enciklopedija [Internet]. Hrvatska enciklopedija., Available online: https:\/\/www.enciklopedija.hr\/clanak\/glaukom."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2024.101303","article-title":"The relationship between intraocular pressure and glaucoma: An evolving concept","volume":"103","author":"Asrani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schuster, A.K., Erb, C., Hoffmann, E.M., Dietlein, T., and Pfeiffer, N. (2025, January 18). The Diagnosis and Treatment of Glaucoma. Deutsches \u00c4rzteblatt international [Internet]. 2020 Mar 27. Available online: https:\/\/www.aerzteblatt.de\/10.3238\/arztebl.2020.0225.","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2020.0225"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.24869\/psyd.2022.348","article-title":"Anxiety and Treatment Adherence among Glaucoma Patients during COVID-19 Pandemic and Earthquakes in Croatia","volume":"34","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Danub."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Zeppieri, M., and Gurnani, B. (2025, February 09). Applanation Tonometry, StatPearls [Internet], Available online: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK582132\/."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Mahabadi, N., Zeppieri, M., and Tripathy, K. (2025, January 18). Open Angle Glaucoma, StatPearls [Internet], Available online: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK441887\/."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"\u0160iki\u0107, J. (2003). Oftalmologija, Narodne Novine. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Bradamante, \u017d., Bradeti\u0107, T., and Brzovi\u0107, Z. (1994). Oftalmologija, Nakladni Zavod Globus. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"\u010cupak, K., Gabri\u0107, N., and Cerovski, B. (2004). Oftalmologija, Nakladni Zavod Globus. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Knezovi\u0107, I. (2015). Oftalmologija za Studij Sestrinstva, Visoka Tehni\u010dka \u0160kola u Bjelovaru."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Mandi\u0107, Z. (2014). Oftalmologija, Medicinska Naklada. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Dave, S.D., Zeppieri, M., and Meyer, J.J. (2025, January 18). Chronic Closed Angle Glaucoma, StatPearls [Internet], Available online: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK559098\/."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2021). European Glaucoma Society Terminology and Guidelines for Glaucoma, 5th Edition. Br. J. Ophthalmol., 105, 1\u2013169."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1130_17","article-title":"Simplifying \u201ctarget\u201d intraocular pressure for different stages of primary open-angle glaucoma and primary angle-closure glaucoma","volume":"66","author":"Sihota","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e046194","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-046194","article-title":"Anxiety and depression in Chinese patients with glaucoma and its correlations with vision-related quality of life and visual function indices: A cross-sectional study","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.12020030","article-title":"Depression, anxiety, and disturbed sleep in glaucoma","volume":"25","author":"Agorastos","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, E., Wen, Z., Song, H., Christian, K.M., and Ming, G.L. (2016). Adult Neurogenesis and Psychiatric Disorders. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a019026"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0b013e31806ab2eb","article-title":"Personality type of the glaucoma patient","volume":"16","author":"Lim","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Glaucoma."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-196009000-00006","article-title":"Emotional factors in primary glaucoma: An evaluation of psychological test data","volume":"22","author":"Zimet","year":"1960","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2006.03.050","article-title":"Psychiatric manifestations and personality traits associated with compliance with glaucoma treatment","volume":"61","author":"Pappa","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2011.02676.x","article-title":"Affective temperaments are associated with higher hopelessness and perceived disability in patients with open-angle glaucoma","volume":"65","author":"Scuderi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-5155(02)00621-4","article-title":"Comparison of Yatabe-Guilford personality test results in retinitis pigmentosa and glaucoma patients","volume":"47","author":"Igarashi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0b013e3182707421","article-title":"Type A behavior pattern: Is it a risk factor for open-angle chronic glaucoma?","volume":"23","author":"Bubella","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Glaucoma."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c7akmak, H., Altinyazar, V., Yilmaz, S.G., \u00d6m\u00fcrl\u00fc, \u0130.K., Kocat\u00fcrk, T., Yazici, A., De\u011firmenci, C., D\u00fcndar, S.O., and Ates, H. (2015). The temperament and character personality profile of the glaucoma patient. BMC Ophthalmol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-015-0117-9"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Crown, S., and Crisp, A.H. (1994). Crown-Crispov Indeks Iskustva, Naklada Slap."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Povezanost demografskih, socijalnih i zdravstvenih \u010dimbenika, neuroticizma i obilje\u017eja emocionalnosti s poreme\u0107ajima hranjenja","volume":"6","year":"2013","journal-title":"Klin. Psihol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1988.tb02787.x","article-title":"The total score of the Crown-Crisp Experiential Index: A useful and valid measure of psychoneurotic pathology","volume":"61","author":"Birtchnell","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br. J. Med. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"\u017divkov, A. (2022). Procjena Anksioznosti i Depresivnosti Studenata Fakulteta za Dentalnu Medicinu i Zdravstvo Osijek. [Diploma Thesis, Sveu\u010dili\u0161te Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, Fakultet za dentalnu medicinu i zdravstvo Osijek]."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00242-y","article-title":"Prevalence and Factors Associated with Depression and Anxiety Among First-Year University Students in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"20","author":"Islam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addict."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006","article-title":"The Patient Health Questionnaire Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptom Scales: A systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Kroenke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Daniel, W.W. (2012). Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences, John Wiley & Sons, Inc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armitage, P., and Perry, G. (2001). Statistical Methods in Medical Research, Wiley-Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470773666"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2025, March 27). MedCalc Software Ltd., Ostend, Belgium. Available online: https:\/\/www.medcalc.org."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2025, January 25). EQUATOR The EQUATOR Network | Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency Of Health Research [Internet]. Equator-network.org. Available online: https:\/\/www.equator-network.org\/."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s13167-018-0136-8","article-title":"Mental stress as consequence and cause of vision loss: The dawn of psychosomatic ophthalmology for preventive and personalized medicine","volume":"9","author":"Sabel","year":"2018","journal-title":"EPMA J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2022.02.010","article-title":"Anxiety, depression, and sleep-related outcomes of glaucoma patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Groff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, N., Wang, J., Li, Y., and Jiang, B. (2021). Prevalence of primary open angle glaucoma in the last 20 years: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92971-w"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, D.Y., Jung, K.I., Park, H.Y.L., and Park, C.K. (2021). The effect of anxiety and depression on progression of glaucoma. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81512-0"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.62641\/aep.v52i3.1561","article-title":"Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety Disorders in Patients with Glaucoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Based on Cross-Sectional Surveys","volume":"52","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Actas Esp. Psiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"InformedHealth.org [Internet] (2025, April 12). Glaucoma: Learn More\u2014Treatment Options for Glaucoma, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK367575\/."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000001935","article-title":"Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression in Patients With Primary Glaucoma in Western India","volume":"31","author":"Dayal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Glaucoma"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_140_19","article-title":"Factors associated with depression and anxiety among glaucoma patients in a tertiary hospital South-East Nigeria","volume":"23","author":"Onwubiko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Niger. J. Clin. Pract."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/11\/3954\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:46:53Z","timestamp":1760032013000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/11\/3954"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14113954"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14113954","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]}}}