{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:22:04Z","timestamp":1791591724745,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) results from maternal infection with the rubella virus during pregnancy, particularly in the first trimester, when the risk of vertical transmission and severe fetal damage is highest. CRS is characterized by a broad spectrum of congenital anomalies, including sensorineural hearing loss, congenital heart defects, cataracts, neurodevelopmental delay, and behavioral disorders. Despite the absence of specific antiviral therapies, active immunization remains the only effective strategy to prevent rubella infection and its congenital consequences. Global immunization efforts, particularly in the Americas, have led to the elimination of rubella and CRS in several countries. However, challenges persist in the post-elimination era, including declining vaccine coverage, vaccine hesitancy, and setbacks caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Diagnosis relies on maternal serology, fetal imaging, postnatal antibody testing, and molecular techniques. Management requires long-term, multidisciplinary follow-up due to the complex and lifelong sequelae affecting sensory, motor, and cognitive development. This review highlights the clinical, epidemiological, and pathophysiological aspects of CRS, while emphasizing the urgent need to maintain high vaccination coverage and strengthen surveillance systems. Sustained public health commitment is essential to prevent the reemergence of rubella and protect future generations from this preventable syndrome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14113986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T08:34:32Z","timestamp":1749112472000},"page":"3986","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Congenital Rubella Syndrome in the Post-Elimination Era: Why Vigilance Remains Essential"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9158-3972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Livian C\u00e1ssia","family":"De Melo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Woman Health, Municipal University of S\u00e3o Caetano do Sul (USCS), S\u00e3o Caetano do Sul 09521-160, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9841-0300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina Macruz","family":"Rugna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Woman Health, Municipal University of S\u00e3o Caetano do Sul (USCS), S\u00e3o Caetano do Sul 09521-160, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9897-5241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Talita Almeida","family":"Dur\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Woman Health, Municipal University of S\u00e3o Caetano do Sul (USCS), S\u00e3o Caetano do Sul 09521-160, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2733-9301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefany Silva","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Woman Health, Municipal University of S\u00e3o Caetano do Sul (USCS), S\u00e3o Caetano do Sul 09521-160, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6694-6569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo Yano","family":"Callado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albert Einstein Israelite College of Health Sciences, Albert Einstein Israelite Hospital, S\u00e3o Paulo 05653-120, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1970-5321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pernambuco (UPE), Recife 50100-010, Pernambuco, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6856-8327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evelyn","family":"Traina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Paulista School of Medicine\u2014Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), S\u00e3o Paulo 04023-062, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6145-2532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward","family":"Araujo J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Woman Health, Municipal University of S\u00e3o Caetano do Sul (USCS), S\u00e3o Caetano do Sul 09521-160, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Albert Einstein Israelite College of Health Sciences, Albert Einstein Israelite Hospital, S\u00e3o Paulo 05653-120, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Paulista School of Medicine\u2014Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), S\u00e3o Paulo 04023-062, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0318-9390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Granese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, \u201cG. Martino\u201d University Hospital, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben Moussa, M.L., Hamdoun, M., Cherni, H., and Bahri, O. (2025). Rubella seroprevalence among women of childbearing age in Tunis, Tunisia. BMC Infect. Dis., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-10843-4"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soares-Marangoni, D.A., Arguelho, A.O., Mendon\u00e7a, A.S.G.B., Wiesiolek, C.C., Lima-Alvarez, C.D., dos Chiquetti, E.M., Oliveira, E.F., Medeiros, M.J., Pereira, S.A., and Hasue, R.H. (2025). STORCH Brazil: Multicenter cohort study protocol to investigate neurodevelopmental paths and functioning in infants exposed to STORCH in Brazil. BMC Pediatr., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-025-05548-1"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024). Rubella, WHO. 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