{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:22:28Z","timestamp":1760059348896,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is an infection caused by rubella virus transmitted to the fetus during pregnancy, which can cause congenital hearing loss. Cochlear implant can be an effective therapy in patients with severe to profound bilateral hearing loss. The aim of this study was to evaluate the benefits of cochlear implantation in patients with profound hearing loss caused by congenital rubella syndrome. Methods: In total, 38 patients with profound hearing loss caused by intrauterine rubella virus infection were considered for cochlear implantation. Patients ranged in age from 8 to 72 years on the day of surgery, with a mean age of 27 years and median of 25 years (SD = 13.2). Preoperatively, all patients underwent pure-tone audiometry, and free-field speech audiometry was conducted in a quiet environment with the patient wearing a fitted hearing aid. Postoperatively, patients underwent pure-tone audiometry to assess residual hearing, and free-field speech audiometry was conducted when the patients had an active implant. Results: The average preoperative hearing threshold (averaged across the seven frequencies from 0.125 to 8 kHz) was 99.2 dB HL (SD = 6.79), while the average postoperative hearing threshold was 103.4 dB HL (SD = 5.74). Twelve months after the operation, patients achieved a WRS in quiet scores ranging from 10% to 90%, with an average of 59.1% and median of 70% (SD = 25.8). Conclusions: Rubella during pregnancy can lead to severe congenital defects, with sensorineural hearing loss being the most common. Cochlear implants appear to be an effective treatment for profound hearing loss caused by congenital rubella syndrome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14113999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T09:43:18Z","timestamp":1749116598000},"page":"3999","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Results of Cochlear Implantation in Patients with Congenital Rubell\u2014Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9952-9558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Kolodziejak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Teleaudiology and Screening, World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, 02-042 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1203-6679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Czajka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Teleaudiology and Screening, World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, 02-042 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Zdanowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Teleaudiology and Screening, World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, 02-042 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7141-9851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henryk","family":"Skar\u017cy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otorhinolaryngosurgery Clinic, World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, 02-042 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4978-1915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr Henryk","family":"Skar\u017cy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Teleaudiology and Screening, World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, 02-042 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Sensory Organs, 05-830 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"318","article-title":"Congenital Infections in Hong Kong: Beyond TORCH","volume":"26","author":"Hon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med. J. Xianggang Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02691-X","article-title":"Rubella","volume":"399","author":"Winter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1914.00070120075007","article-title":"German Measles (Rubella): An Experimental Study","volume":"XIII","author":"Hess","year":"1914","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"119","article-title":"Further Observations on Congenital Defects in Infants Following Maternal Rubella","volume":"4","author":"Gregg","year":"1944","journal-title":"Trans. Ophthalmol. Soc. Aust."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"267","article-title":"Congenital Cataract Following German Measles in the Mother. 1941","volume":"19","author":"Gregg","year":"1991","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1971.tb50672.x","article-title":"Rubella vaccination trial","volume":"2","author":"Forrest","year":"1971","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60539-0","article-title":"Rubella","volume":"385","author":"Lambert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.4467","article-title":"Rubella and Pregnancy: Diagnosis, Management and Outcomes","volume":"34","author":"Bouthry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"171","article-title":"Congenital Rubella Syndrome: A Short Report and Literature Review","volume":"53","author":"Gudeloglu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop. Dr."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"141","article-title":"Hearing Loss in Pediatric Patients with Congenital Rubella Syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Muyassaroh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Sci. Berk. Ilmu Kedokt."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2024, August 01). WHO Rubella. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/rubella."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2005.09.007","article-title":"Rubella in Pregnancy: Intrauterine Transmission and Perinatal Outcome during a Brazilian Epidemic","volume":"35","author":"Andrade","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol. Off. Publ. Pan Am. Soc. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a121568","article-title":"Rubella During Pregnancy as a Cause of Congenital Hearing Loss1","volume":"98","author":"Ojala","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.19.17-00381","article-title":"Rubella Infection in Pregnancy and Congenital Rubella in United Kingdom, 2003 to 2016","volume":"23","author":"Bukasa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.05.046","article-title":"Rubella Monitoring in Pregnancy as a Means for Evaluating a Possible Reemergence of Rubella","volume":"211","author":"Hutton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-198411000-00003","article-title":"Hearing Loss and Congenital Rubella in Atlantic Canada","volume":"5","author":"Anvar","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489409127558","article-title":"Unilateral Hearing Loss Following Rubella Infection in an Adult","volume":"514","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngol. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.3109\/00016488009131724","article-title":"Congenital Hearing Loss and Rubella Infection","volume":"90","author":"Parving","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1973.00780020262008","article-title":"Congenital Rubella Deafness: Pathology and Pathogenesis","volume":"98","author":"Brookhouser","year":"1973","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"22","article-title":"Inner Ear Pathology in Deafness Due to Maternal Rubella","volume":"87","author":"Ward","year":"1968","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Chic. Ill 1960"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.17430\/882764","article-title":"Partial Deafness Treatment in Children: A Preliminary Report of the Parents\u2019 Perspective","volume":"2","author":"Obrycka","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hear. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e31818d1cba","article-title":"The Effects of Cochlear Implantation on Vestibular Function","volume":"30","author":"Melvin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol. Off. Publ. Am. Otol. Soc. Am. Neurotol. Soc. Eur. Acad. Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3109\/01050398209076204","article-title":"Cochlear Hearing Loss Following Rubella in an Adult","volume":"11","author":"Joachims","year":"1982","journal-title":"Scand. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7437.419","article-title":"Prognosis after Cochlear Implantation","volume":"328","author":"Ramsden","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e217","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00514-4","article-title":"Priorities for Hearing Loss Prevention and Estimates of Global Cause-Specific Burdens of Hearing Loss: A Systematic Rapid Review","volume":"12","author":"Prasad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"50","article-title":"Nowe listy artykulacyjne do bada\u0144 audiometrycznych (cz. I)","volume":"48","author":"Pruszewicz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"CR555","article-title":"Hearing Preservation in Partial Deafness Treatment","volume":"16","author":"Skarzynski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit. Int. Med. J. Exp. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002711","article-title":"Cochlear Implantation for Treatment of Tinnitus in Single-Sided Deafness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"41","author":"Levy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol. Off. Publ. Am. Otol. Soc. Am. Neurotol. Soc. Eur. Acad. Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1179\/146701010X12671178390870","article-title":"Partial Deafness Cochlear Implantation (PDCI) and Electric-Acoustic Stimulation (EAS)","volume":"11","author":"Wilson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochlear Implants Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.53730\/ijhs.v6nS9.12252","article-title":"Cochlear Implants Evaluation for Congenital Rubella Syndrome Patients in Dr. Soetomo Academic Medical Center","volume":"6","author":"Octaviani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e597","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002593","article-title":"Inter-Rater Reliability and Validity of the Arabic Version of Categories of Auditory Performance-II (CAP-II) Among Children With Cochlear Implant","volume":"41","author":"Mesallam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol. Off. Publ. Am. Otol. Soc. Am. Neurotol. Soc. Eur. Acad. Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toizumi, M., Nguyen, G.T.H., Motomura, H., Nguyen, T.H., Pham, E., Kaneko, K., Uematsu, M., Nguyen, H.A.T., Dang, D.A., and Hashizume, M. (2017). Sensory Defects and Developmental Delay among Children with Congenital Rubella Syndrome. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46483"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.4103\/tjosr.tjosr_89_18","article-title":"Congenital Rubella Syndrome","volume":"56","author":"Pramila","year":"2018","journal-title":"TNOA J. Ophthalmic Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"13","article-title":"Etiology Profile of the Patients Implanted in the Cochlear Implant Program","volume":"77","author":"Reis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz. J. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2022.111087","article-title":"Health-Related Quality of Life after Pediatric Cochlear Implantation","volume":"155","author":"Pereira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25848","article-title":"Quality of Life after Intervention with a Cochlear Implant or Hearing Aid","volume":"126","author":"Contrera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1159\/000530883","article-title":"Outcomes of Cochlear Implantation Using FLEX26 Electrode: Audiological Results and Quality of Life after 12 Months","volume":"28","author":"Skarzynski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Audiol. Neurotol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/11\/3999\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:47:08Z","timestamp":1760032028000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/11\/3999"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14113999"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14113999","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2077-0383"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]}}}