{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:50:58Z","timestamp":1787028658923,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,8]],"date-time":"2025-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Uveal melanoma (UM) is a relatively rare malignancy, yet it remains the most common primary intraocular cancer in adults. Several risk factors have been identified, including light iris color, fair skin tone, and cutaneous freckles. Methods: The aim of this article was an overview of the treatment methods for uveal melanoma, with a particular focus on emerging therapies such as tebentafusp and da-rovasertib. The research method was a review of the latest literature. Results: Genetic studies have uncovered key mutations in GNAQ and GNA11, which significantly contribute to UM pathogenesis. Treatment selection depends on tumor location and disease stage. In localized disease, radiotherapy\u2014especially brachytherapy\u2014is commonly used and generally effective. However, the prognosis worsens significantly once distant metastases, most often to the liver, develop, as no standard systemic therapy has demonstrated high efficacy in this setting. Recent years have seen the emergence of promising therapies, including tebentafusp, which stimulates immune responses against gp100-expressing melanoma cells, and darovasertib, a potent PKC inhibitor that targets MAPK pathway activation driven by GNAQ\/GNA11 mutations. Both agents have shown encouraging tolerability; tebentafusp has demonstrated clinical benefit in Phase II and III trials, while darovasertib is still under investigation. Additionally, melphalan-based liver-directed therapy, particularly via hepatic arterial infusion (approved by the FDA), has shown potential in controlling liver-dominant disease in metastatic UM. This localized approach may provide significant benefit for patients with limited extrahepatic spread. Conclusions: Future research should focus on optimizing these novel strategies\u2014tebentafusp, darovasertib, melphalan, and combination therapies\u2014and on expanding our understanding of UM\u2019s molecular drivers to enable the development of more effective, personalized treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14124058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T05:54:05Z","timestamp":1749448445000},"page":"4058","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Brief Overview of Uveal Melanoma Treatment Methods with a Focus on the Latest Advances"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6579-3695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krystian","family":"Wdowiak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinical Hospital No. 4 in Lublin, K. Jaczewskiego 8 St., 20-954 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4206-4371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Dolar-Szczasny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Pediatric Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Rejdak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Pediatric Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4864-0184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Drab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics with e-Health Lab, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3752-332X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Maciocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Br\u0103ni\u0219teanu, D.E., Porumb-Andrese, E., St\u0103ric\u0103, A., Munteanu, A.C., Toader, M.P., Zemba, M., Porumb, V., Cozmin, M., Moraru, A.D., and Nicolescu, A.C. 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