{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T13:55:42Z","timestamp":1783086942765,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: After years of work in the field of aortic arch surgery, the technique has evolved, making this procedure relatively safe, with lasting results. Due to the increasing long-term survival and overall aging of the patient population, more patients require aortic arch reoperation. In the present study, the safety of aortic arch reoperations was analyzed in the long term, focusing on risk factors for mortality. Methods: Between 1999 and 2023, 108 patients were included in our study who underwent reoperation on aortic arch after prior operation on the aorta, the aortic valve, or a combination of both. The exclusion criteria were being aged under 18 years and transcatheter aortic valve implantation as a previous intervention. The principal outcome was the incidence of mortality, and additional outcomes of interest included cardiac re-reoperation, bleeding, a new aortic type B dissection, infective endocarditis, readmission due to a cardiac cause, coronary intervention and neurovascular complications, pacemaker implantation, and temporary mechanical circulatory support. Results: The mean age was 56 \u00b1 14 years, and 75% (81\/108) of patients were male. In our study, we found age (p \u2264 0.01) and history of coronary artery disease (p = 0.01) to be preoperative risk factors for adverse outcomes. The mean time between the index operation and reoperation was 6.84 years (1.61\u201314.94). Indications for reoperation included dilatation (HR = 0.49, p = 0.05), rupture or false aneurysm (HR = 2.08, p= 0.08), dissection (HR = 1.41, p = 0.30), and endocarditis (HR = 1.49, p = 0.41). A main risk factor was the need for a salvage reoperation (p \u2264 0.01). Also, a longer operation (p = 0.04), cardiopulmonary bypass (p \u2264 0.01), and ventilation time (p \u2264 0.01), bleeding complications (p \u2264 0.01), and requiring temporary mechanical circulatory support (p = 0.04) were linked to higher mortality. The overall survival was 82% after 1 year, 73% after 5 years, and 56% after 10 years. In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, age (HR = 1.04, p \u2264 0.01), the need for a salvage operation (HR = 5.38, p = 0.01), a prolonged ventilation time (HR = 1.08, p = 0.04), and bleeding complications (HR = 3.76, p = 0.03) were associated with higher mortality. In the ROC analysis, an age over 57.5 years was associated with significantly lower overall survival (p \u2264 0.01). Conclusions: Aortic arch reoperations can be performed with acceptable long-term outcomes, but perioperative factors significantly influence early mortality. Salvage operations, bleeding complications, and prolonged ventilation were strong predictors of adverse outcomes. Older age, particularly &gt;57.5 years, was independently associated with increased mortality risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14124087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T05:11:49Z","timestamp":1749532309000},"page":"4087","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Over Two Decades of Experience in Aortic Arch Reoperations: Long-Term Outcomes and Mortality Risk Factors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Nikoleta","family":"Bozini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Institute Insure, German Heart Center Munich, School of Medicine & Health, Technical University of Munich, Lazarettstrasse 36, 80636 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Piber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Institute Insure, German Heart Center Munich, School of Medicine & Health, Technical University of Munich, Lazarettstrasse 36, 80636 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8308-7679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keti","family":"Vitanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Institute Insure, German Heart Center Munich, School of Medicine & Health, Technical University of Munich, Lazarettstrasse 36, 80636 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Sideris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Institute Insure, German Heart Center Munich, School of Medicine & Health, Technical University of Munich, Lazarettstrasse 36, 80636 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulf","family":"Herold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Institute Insure, German Heart Center Munich, School of Medicine & Health, Technical University of Munich, Lazarettstrasse 36, 80636 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Guenzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Institute Insure, German Heart Center Munich, School of Medicine & Health, Technical University of Munich, Lazarettstrasse 36, 80636 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4689-3871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Amabile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Institute Insure, German Heart Center Munich, School of Medicine & Health, Technical University of Munich, Lazarettstrasse 36, 80636 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"},{"name":"UPMC Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teodora","family":"Georgescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Institute Insure, German Heart Center Munich, School of Medicine & Health, Technical University of Munich, Lazarettstrasse 36, 80636 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5466-9290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Krane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Institute Insure, German Heart Center Munich, School of Medicine & Health, Technical University of Munich, Lazarettstrasse 36, 80636 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research)\u2014Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80636 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anatol","family":"Prinzing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital and Goethe University Frankfurt, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.01.028","article-title":"Modern practice and outcomes of reoperative cardiac surgery","volume":"164","author":"Kindzelski","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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