{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T04:44:53Z","timestamp":1784954693022,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: This study examines the incidence and predictors of complications following intravenous (IV) sedation in children and adults. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 1463 surgical procedures under IV sedation was conducted at the University Hospitals of Leuven (2018\u20132022). Patients aged 10\u201391 years were divided into pediatric (10\u201316 years, n = 731) and adult (17\u201391 years, n = 732) groups. Data were analyzed using multiple regression models (p &lt; 0.05). Results: Side effects occurred more often during recovery (children: 20.1%, adults: 9.4%) than intraoperatively (children: 4.8%, adults: 2.7%). The most common side effects were nausea (children: 10.5%, adults: 8.4%) and prolonged sedation (children: 6.0%, adults: 1.8%). Younger children had higher risks of intraoperative side effects (p = 0.02), hypotension (p &lt; 0.001), and longer recovery (p &lt; 0.001). Ketamine increased nausea risk in children (p = 0.02). Females had a higher risk of prolonged sedation (p = 0.03) and nausea (p = 0.01). Older adults had fewer recovery-related side effects (p = 0.03) and shorter recovery times (p = 0.05). Conclusions: IV sedation is a safe alternative to general anesthesia in oral surgery when properly monitored. However, nausea and prolonged sedation remain concerns, particularly in younger children and females. Prophylactic anti-emetics and cautious Ketamine use may help mitigate risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14124096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T06:48:56Z","timestamp":1749538136000},"page":"4096","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Complications of Intravenous Midazolam\u2013Fentanyl Sedation in Children and Adults Undergoing Oral Surgery: A Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2510-8777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaux","family":"Nys","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melisa","family":"Garip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2711-625X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruxandra","family":"Coropciuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Meeus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Legrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantinus","family":"Politis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e318217b538","article-title":"Detection of hypoventilation by capnography and its association with hypoxia in children undergoing sedation with ketamine","volume":"27","author":"Langhan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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