{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T22:41:26Z","timestamp":1792536086724,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a complex, heterogeneous disorder characterized by chronic widespread pain, fatigue, and cognitive disturbances. The multifactorial nature of FMS, with the involvement of central and peripheral mechanisms, hampers diagnosis and effective treatment. In recent years, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging has emerged as a valuable tool for exploring the neurobiological underpinnings of FMS. Several studies have investigated alterations in glucose metabolism, neurotransmitter systems (including opioid, dopamine, and GABAergic pathways), and neuroinflammation using various PET tracers. These findings have revealed distinct brain metabolic and molecular patterns in FMS patients compared to healthy controls, particularly in pain-related regions such as the thalamus, insula, and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Moreover, preliminary data suggest that PET imaging may help identify FMS subgroups with different pathophysiological profiles, potentially allowing for tailored therapeutic approaches. This review summarizes the current evidence on PET applications in FMS and discusses the potential role of molecular imaging in improving patient stratification and predicting treatment response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14124166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T03:59:17Z","timestamp":1749700757000},"page":"4166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Fibromyalgia in the Era of Brain PET\/CT Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9370-102X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Abenavoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Division, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9947-6559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Berti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences \u201cMario Serio\u201d, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matilde","family":"Nerattini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences \u201cMario Serio\u201d, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piercarlo","family":"Sarzi-Puttini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, IRCCS Galeazzi Sant\u2019Ambrogio Hospital, 20157 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1647-2083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Filippou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, IRCCS Galeazzi Sant\u2019Ambrogio Hospital, 20157 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Lucia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilberto","family":"Pari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Pain Medicine Unit, Santa Maria Maddalena Private Hospital, 45030 Occhiobello, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Pallanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Neurosciences, 50121 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fausto","family":"Salaffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, \u201cCarlo Urbani\u201d Hospital, 60035 Jesi, Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Carotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Ospedali Riuniti, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica Delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Sirotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, IRCCS Galeazzi Sant\u2019Ambrogio Hospital, 20157 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Porta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Pain Medicine Unit, Santa Maria Maddalena Private Hospital, 45030 Occhiobello, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Sharie, S., Varga, S.J., Al-Husinat, L., Sarzi-Puttini, P., Araydah, M., Bal\u2019awi, B.R., and Varrassi, G. 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