{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T19:04:05Z","timestamp":1792523045347,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Supervised pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is effective in improving cardiorespiratory fitness in non-hospitalised individuals with long COVID. However, there is limited evidence regarding PR-induced improvements in cardiorespiratory parameters in previously hospitalised COVID-19 survivors. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a hybrid PR programme (outpatient followed by a digital intervention) on exercise tolerance, cardiorespiratory adaptations, functional capacity and quality of life outcomes in previously hospitalised COVID-19 survivors. Methods: Forty-two patients (age (mean \u00b1 SD): 57 \u00b1 12 yrs) with excessive fatigue due to long COVID (FACIT score (26 \u00b1 10) were allocated to PR (n = 27) or usual care (UC) (n = 15) 140 \u00b1 75 days from hospital discharge. PR consisted of 8 outpatient sessions (twice weekly for 4 weeks) followed by 24 home-based sessions (3 times\/week for 8 weeks). Patients in the UC group were instructed to be physically active. Exercise tolerance was assessed by cardiopulmonary cycling testing to the limit of tolerance. Results: Following the completion of the hybrid PR programme, peak work rate (WRpeak) and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) were, respectively, improved in the PR group by 19 \u00b1 10 Watt (p = 0.001) and by 2.4 \u00b1 3.0 mL\/kg\/min (p = 0.001). Furthermore, in the PR group, the 6 min walk distance was increased by 72 \u00b1 69 metres (p = 0.001). FACIT and mMRC scores were also improved in the PR group by 15 \u00b1 10 (p = 0.001) and by 1.4 \u00b1 1.0 (p = 0.001), respectively. In the UC group, only the mMRC score was improved by 0.7 \u00b1 1.0 (p = 0.008). Conclusions: The application of a hybrid PR programme was beneficial in improving cardiorespiratory exercise fitness, functional capacity and quality of life in previously hospitalised COVID-19 survivors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14124225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T06:40:27Z","timestamp":1750056027000},"page":"4225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Hybrid Pulmonary Rehabilitation Improves Cardiorespiratory Exercise Fitness in Formerly Hospitalised Long COVID Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9595-6974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Chynkiamis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Unit, 1st University Department of Respiratory Medicine, \u201cSotiria\u201d Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Thorax Research Foundation, 11521 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5794-3089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelos","family":"Vontetsianos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Unit, 1st University Department of Respiratory Medicine, \u201cSotiria\u201d Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0925-4046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Anagnostopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Unit, 1st University Department of Respiratory Medicine, \u201cSotiria\u201d Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiana","family":"Lekka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Unit, 1st University Department of Respiratory Medicine, \u201cSotiria\u201d Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4937-3919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Ioanna","family":"Gounaridi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Cardiology, \u201cSotiria\u201d Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8079-0599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelos","family":"Oikonomou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Cardiology, \u201cSotiria\u201d Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manolis","family":"Vavuranakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Cardiology, \u201cSotiria\u201d Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0138-5582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikoleta","family":"Rovina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Unit, 1st University Department of Respiratory Medicine, \u201cSotiria\u201d Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9256-9656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petros","family":"Bakakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Unit, 1st University Department of Respiratory Medicine, \u201cSotiria\u201d Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1719-7220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Koulouris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Unit, 1st University Department of Respiratory Medicine, \u201cSotiria\u201d Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Kaltsakas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Unit, 1st University Department of Respiratory Medicine, \u201cSotiria\u201d Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Lane Fox Respiratory Service, Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK"},{"name":"Centre of Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King\u2019s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4830-7207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Vogiatzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Unit, 1st University Department of Respiratory Medicine, \u201cSotiria\u201d Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, April 17). 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