{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T17:28:00Z","timestamp":1793726880739,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]],"date-time":"2025-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Despite the recent advances in glucose-lowering therapy, achieving diabetes control remains challenging. With the advancing progress of innovative digital health technologies, management of diabetes is taking advantage from telehealth and telemedicine, which allow for remote assistance, virtual visits, and monitoring of diabetes-related parameters, and facilitate the exchange of documents and reports to support clinical decisions. We aim to provide an overview of the impact of telehealth and digital technologies on the care of people with diabetes, from therapeutic management to the assessment of complications. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed to assess the impact of digital technologies and telemedicine on diabetes care. Results: From the comprehensive PubMed search, 86 peer-reviewed studies were selected based on relevance, clinical significance, and methodological quality. The selected literature addressed digital health tools such as continuous glucose monitoring, connected insulin pens, automatic insulin delivery systems, mobile applications, and telemedicine systems. These interventions were associated with improved glycemic control (e.g., reduced HbA1c, increased time in range), better adherence to therapy, enhanced patient engagement, and more efficient management of complications such as neuropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular risk. Conclusions: Telehealth may offer a fully patient-centered approach to disease management through a tailored individual management plan. This may lead to an improvement in adherence to proper therapy and lifestyle, resulting in a subsequent increase in the quality of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14124240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T06:40:27Z","timestamp":1750056027000},"page":"4240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Digital Health in Diabetes Care: A Narrative Review from Monitoring to the Management of Systemic and Neurologic Complications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Maida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Neurology, Santobono-Pausilipon Childrens Hospital, 80129 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4756-2022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Caruso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8561-9720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Bonavita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianmarco","family":"Abbadessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W120BZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Miele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6459-5854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Scappaticcio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3500-0153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleonora","family":"Ruocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3790-8018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Trojsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Lavorgna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4659-7546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Ida","family":"Maiorino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, April 10). World Health Organisation\u2014Noncommunicable Disease. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/noncommunicable-diseases."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Diabetes Collaborators (2023). Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet, 402, 203\u2013234."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.2337\/dci22-0034","article-title":"Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes, 2022. A Consensus Report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)","volume":"45","author":"Davies","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-018-0951-8","article-title":"Clinical inertia, reverse clinical inertia, and medication non-adherence in type 2 diabetes","volume":"42","author":"Giugliano","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Invest."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00468-4","article-title":"Shared decision making in endocrinology: Present and future directions","volume":"4","author":"Gionfriddo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2020.0375","article-title":"The Digital\/Virtual Diabetes Clinic: The Future Is Now-Recommendations from an International Panel on Diabetes Digital Technologies Introduction","volume":"23","author":"Phillip","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2005.01644.x","article-title":"Psychosocial problems and barriers to improved diabetes management: Results of the Cross-National Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes and Needs (DAWN) Study","volume":"22","author":"Peyrot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2012.11.016","article-title":"Diabetes Attitudes Wishes and Needs 2 (DAWN2): A multinational, multi-stakeholder study of psychosocial issues in diabetes and person-centred diabetes care","volume":"99","author":"Peyrot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.2217\/cer-2020-0271","article-title":"Identifying the unmet needs of individuals with Type 2 diabetes: An international web-based survey","volume":"10","author":"Raposo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Comp. Eff. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38980","DOI":"10.2196\/38980","article-title":"Digital Health Technologies Enabling Partnerships in Chronic Care Management: Scoping Review","volume":"24","author":"Wannheden","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Telling and gpTRAC (Great Plains Tele-health Resource & Assistance Center) (2025, April 10). Tele-health Start-Up and Resource Guide, Version 1.1, October 2010, Available online: https:\/\/www.healthit.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/playbook\/pdf\/telehealth-startup-and-resource-guide.pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Ministero della Salute (2025, April 10). Telemedicina Linee di Indirizzo Nazionali, Available online: https:\/\/www.salute.gov.it\/new\/it\/tema\/telemedicina\/linee-di-indirizzo-nazionali-sulla-telemedicina\/."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23244","DOI":"10.2196\/23244","article-title":"Clinical Improvements by Telemedicine Interventions Managing Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: Systematic Meta-review","volume":"23","author":"Eberle","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633X17699990","article-title":"Enablers and barriers to using two-way information technology in the management of adults with diabetes: A descriptive systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Macdonald","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Telemed. Telecare."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2018.0128","article-title":"Clinical Effectiveness of Telemedicine in Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis of 42 Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"25","author":"Tchero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Telemed. J. E Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2018.0098","article-title":"Telemedicine Cost-Effectiveness for Diabetes Management: A Systematic Review","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2008.0021","article-title":"Care Coordination\/Home Telehealth: The systematic implementation of health informatics, home telehealth, and disease management to support the care of veteran patients with chronic conditions","volume":"14","author":"Darkins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Telemed. J. E Health"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2013.10.006","article-title":"Telemedicine and advances in urban and rural healthcare delivery in Africa","volume":"56","author":"Mars","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1600","article-title":"International Consensus on Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring","volume":"40","author":"Danne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2024). 7. Diabetes Technology: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024. Diabetes Care, 47, S126\u2013S144.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-S007"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.2337\/dci19-0028","article-title":"Clinical Targets for Continuous Glucose Monitoring Data Interpretation: Recommendations From the International Consensus on Time in Range","volume":"42","author":"Battelino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (2008). Tamborlane, W.V.; Beck, R.W.; Bode, B.W.; Buckingham, B.; Chase, H.P.; Clemons, R.; Fiallo-Scharer, R.; Fox, L.A.; Gilliam, L.K.; Hirsch, I.B.; et al. Continuous Glucose Monitoring Study Group. Continuous glucose monitoring and intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med., 359, 1464\u20131476.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0805017"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1989","article-title":"Effect of continuous glucose monitoring on hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes","volume":"34","author":"Battelino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-012-2708-9","article-title":"The use and efficacy of continuous glucose monitoring in type 1 diabetes treated with insulin pump therapy: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"55","author":"Battelino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-0030","article-title":"Recovery of hypoglycemia awareness in long-standing type 1 diabetes: A multicenter 2 \u00d7 2 factorial randomized controlled trial comparing insulin pump with multiple daily injections and continuous with conventional glucose self-monitoring (HypoCOMPaSS)","volume":"37","author":"Little","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)30193-0","article-title":"Continuous glucose monitoring for patients with type 1 diabetes and impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia (IN CONTROL): A randomised, open-label, crossover trial","volume":"4","author":"DeVries","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.19975","article-title":"Effect of Continuous Glucose Monitoring on Glycemic Control in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes Using Insulin Injections: The DIAMOND Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"317","author":"Beck","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2855","article-title":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring Versus Usual Care in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Receiving Multiple Daily Insulin Injections: A Randomized Trial","volume":"167","author":"Beck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30297-6","article-title":"Real-time continuous glucose monitoring in adults with type 1 diabetes and impaired hypoglycaemia awareness or severe hypoglycaemia treated with multiple daily insulin injections (HypoDE): A multicentre, randomised controlled trial","volume":"391","author":"Heinemann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6928","article-title":"Wireless Innovation for Seniors with Diabetes Mellitus (WISDM) Study Group. Effect of Continuous Glucose Monitoring on Hypoglycemia in Older Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"323","author":"Pratley","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2262","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.7444","article-title":"Effect of Continuous Glucose Monitoring on Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Treated with Basal Insulin: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"325","author":"Martens","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d3805","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d3805","article-title":"Glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes during real time continuous glucose monitoring compared with self monitoring of blood glucose: Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials using individual patient data","volume":"343","author":"Pickup","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2021.0007","article-title":"Type 2 Diabetes and the Use of Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring","volume":"23 (S1)","author":"Jackson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32400-5","article-title":"Continuous glucose monitoring in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes (CONCEPTT): A multicentre international randomised controlled trial","volume":"390","author":"Feig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2205650","article-title":"Intermittently Scanned Continuous Glucose Monitoring for Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"387","author":"Leelarathna","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-016-0223-6","article-title":"Flash Glucose-Sensing Technology as a Replacement for Blood Glucose Monitoring for the Management of Insulin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes: A Multicenter, Open-Label Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"8","author":"Haak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-0166","article-title":"Effect of Flash Glucose Monitoring Technology on Glycemic Control and Treatment Satisfaction in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"42","author":"Yaron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e86","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-0954","article-title":"Effects of COVID-19 Lockdown on Glucose Control: Continuous Glucose Monitoring Data from People with Diabetes on Intensive Insulin Therapy","volume":"43","author":"Maddaloni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e88","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-1127","article-title":"Blood Glucose Control During Lockdown for COVID-19: CGM Metrics in Italian Adults With Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"43","author":"Capaldo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-1459","article-title":"Effects of Continuous Glucose Monitoring on Metrics of Glycemic Control in Diabetes: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"43","author":"Maiorino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-023-03473-w","article-title":"LIVE CGM working group. An. updated algorithm for an effective choice of continuous glucose monitoring for people with insulin-treated diabetes","volume":"82","author":"Maiorino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2019.0411","article-title":"Increased Time in Range and Fewer Missed Bolus Injections After Introduction of a Smart Connected Insulin Pen","volume":"22","author":"Adolfsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2021.0239","article-title":"Use of Connected Pen as a Diagnostic Tool to Evaluate Missed Bolus Dosing Behavior in People with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"24","author":"Edwards","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-020-00980-1","article-title":"Smart Insulin Pens are Associated with Improved Clinical Outcomes at Lower Cost Versus Standard-of-Care Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes in Sweden: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Jendle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"285","article-title":"Potential cost savings in the United States from a reduction in sensor-detected severe hypoglycemia among users of the InPen smart insulin pen system","volume":"29","author":"Chien","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Manag. Care Spec. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1303576","article-title":"ASPIRE In-Home Study Group. Threshold-based insulin-pump interruption for reduction of hypoglycemia","volume":"369","author":"Bergenstal","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-0771","article-title":"Predictive Low-Glucose Suspend Reduces Hypoglycemia in Adults, Adolescents, and Children with Type 1 Diabetes in an At-Home Randomized Crossover Study: Results of the PROLOG Trial","volume":"41","author":"Forlenza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.11708","article-title":"Safety of a Hybrid Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery System in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"316","author":"Bergenstal","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31947-0","article-title":"APCam11 Consortium. Closed-loop insulin delivery in suboptimally controlled type 1 diabetes: A multicentre, 12-week randomised trial","volume":"392","author":"Tauschmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2004736","article-title":"A Randomized Trial of Closed-Loop Control in Children with Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"383","author":"Breton","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2111673","article-title":"Randomized Trial of Closed-Loop Control in Very Young Children with Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"386","author":"Ware","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30167-5","article-title":"Effect of artificial pancreas systems on glycaemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of outpatient randomised controlled trials","volume":"5","author":"Weisman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k1310","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k1310","article-title":"Artificial pancreas treatment for outpatients with type 1 diabetes: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"361","author":"Bekiari","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-022-05744-z","article-title":"Automated insulin delivery: Benefits, challenges, and recommendations. A Consensus Report of the Joint Diabetes Technology Working Group of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes and the American Diabetes Association","volume":"66","author":"Sherr","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-2137","article-title":"Adjust to target in type 2 diabetes: Comparison of a simple algorithm with carbohydrate counting for adjustment of mealtime insulin glulisine","volume":"31","author":"Bergenstal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2014.01.010","article-title":"Behavior change techniques in top-ranked mobile apps for physical activity","volume":"46","author":"Conroy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e82","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.7336","article-title":"A Mobile App for the Self-Management of Type 1 Diabetes Among Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"5","author":"Goyal","year":"2017","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33639","DOI":"10.2196\/33639","article-title":"Feasibility and Impact of Remote Glucose Monitoring Among Patients With Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes: Single-Center Pilot Study","volume":"7","author":"Crossen","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.2196\/diabetes.7454","article-title":"Diabetes App-Related Text Messages From Health Care Professionals in Conjunction With a New Wireless Glucose Meter With a Color Range Indicator Improves Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"2","author":"Grady","year":"2017","journal-title":"JMIR Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13307","article-title":"Mobile phone applications and self-management of diabetes: A systematic review with meta-analysis, meta-regression of 21 randomized trials and GRADE","volume":"20","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2112417","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.12417","article-title":"Effect of a Smartphone App on Weight Change and Metabolic Outcomes in Asian Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"4","author":"Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37430","DOI":"10.2196\/37430","article-title":"Efficacy of Personalized Diabetes Self-care Using an Electronic Medical Record-Integrated Mobile App in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: 6-Month Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eberle, C., Loehnert, M., and Stichling, S. (2021). Effectivness of specific mobile health applications (mHealth-apps) in gestational diabtetes mellitus: A systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-04274-7"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0346","article-title":"Do Mobile Phone Applications Improve Glycemic Control (HbA1c) in the Self-management of Diabetes? A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and GRADE of 14 Randomized Trials","volume":"39","author":"Hou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chong, C.J., Bakry, M.M., Hatah, E., Mohd Tahir, N.A., and Mustafa, N. (2023). Effects of mobile apps intervention on medication adherence and type 2 diabetes mellitus control: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Telemed. Telecare, 1357633X231174933.","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633X231174933"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.2337\/dci19-0062","article-title":"Diabetes Digital App Technology: Benefits, Challenges, and Recommendations. A Consensus Report by the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) and the American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Technology Working Group","volume":"43","author":"Fleming","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"8848","article-title":"Web-based telemedicine for management of type 2 diabetes through glucose uploads: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2012.04200.x","article-title":"The impact of electronic education on metabolic control indicators in patients with diabetes who need insulin: A randomised clinical control trial","volume":"22","author":"Moattari","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2012.08.006","article-title":"Successful Delivery of Diabetes Self-Care Education and Follow-Up through eHealth Media","volume":"36","author":"Pacaud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. J. Diab."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2023.110727","article-title":"Effectiveness of telemonitoring intervention on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"201","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2014.0355","article-title":"A Randomized Trial on Home Telemonitoring for the Management of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"17","author":"Nicolucci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2020.0021","article-title":"DIABEO System Combining a Mobile App Software with and Without Telemonitoring Versus Standard Care: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Diabetes Patients Poorly Controlled with a Basal-Bolus Insulin Regimen","volume":"22","author":"Franc","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wild, S.H., Hanley, J., Lewis, S.C., McKnight, J.A., McCloughan, L.B., Padfield, P.L., Parker, R.A., Paterson, M., Pinnock, H., and Sheikh, A. (2016). Supported Telemonitoring and Glycemic Control in People with Type 2 Diabetes: The Telescot Diabetes Pragmatic Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS Med., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002163"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2018.02.022","article-title":"Experimentation of 2.0 telemedicine in elderly patients with chronic heart failure: A study prospective in 175 patients","volume":"51","author":"Talha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.103.5.948","article-title":"Association between diabetes control and visits to a multidisciplinary pediatric diabetes clinic","volume":"103","author":"Kaufman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2016.0036","article-title":"Use of Telemedicine for Management of Diabetes in Correctional Facilities","volume":"23","author":"Kassar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Telemed. J. E Health"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296818775438","article-title":"Televisits to Partially Substitute for Clinic Visits Are Feasible and Well Accepted by Tech-Savvy Patients With T1DM and Their Families: A Prospective Pilot Study","volume":"12","author":"Tonyushkina","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"107","article-title":"Diabetes Education and Support Tele-Visit Needs Differ in Duration, Content, and Satisfaction in Older Versus Younger Adults","volume":"3","author":"Greenfield","year":"2022","journal-title":"Telemed. Rep."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.108697","article-title":"First televisits provided by the public health system for patients affected by diabetes mellitus in COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"173","author":"Pintaudi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2021.0426","article-title":"Use and Perception of Telemedicine in People with Type 1 Diabetes During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A 1-Year Follow-Up","volume":"24","author":"Scott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2016.1168291","article-title":"Prevalence and co-prevalence of comorbidities among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"2","author":"Iglay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2016.04.019","article-title":"Does telemedicine improve treatment outcomes for diabetes? A meta-analysis of results from 55 randomized controlled trials","volume":"116","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-21-0209","article-title":"Telemedicine assists in the management of proatherogenic dyslipidemia and postprandial glucose variability in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27347","DOI":"10.2196\/27347","article-title":"Efficacy of Telemedicine in Hypertension Care Through Home Blood Pressure Monitoring and Videoconferencing: Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"5","author":"Yatabe","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Cardio."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i2647","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i2647","article-title":"Telehealth for patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease: Pragmatic randomised controlled trial","volume":"353","author":"Salisbury","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2014.11.009","article-title":"Meta-analysis of telemonitoring to improve HbA1c levels: Promise for stroke survivors","volume":"22","author":"Lieber","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-0332","article-title":"A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Telemedical and Standard Outpatient Monitoring of Diabetic Foot Ulcers","volume":"38","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1025","article-title":"The Effect of Telemedicine Follow-up Care on Diabetes-Related Foot Ulcers: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Noninferiority Trial","volume":"41","author":"Igland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iversen, M.M., Igland, J., Smith-Str\u00f8m, H., \u00d8stbye, T., Tell, G.S., Skeie, S., Cooper, J.G., Peyrot, M., and Graue, M. (2020). Effect of a telemedicine intervention for diabetes-related foot ulcers on health, well-being and quality of life: Secondary outcomes from a cluster randomized controlled trial (DiaFOTo). BMC Endocr. Disord., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-020-00637-x"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1097\/00129334-200406000-00012","article-title":"The use of telemedicine in the management of diabetes-related foot ulceration: A pilot study","volume":"17","author":"Wilbright","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Skin Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S-26","DOI":"10.1089\/1530562042632074","article-title":"Patient attitudes toward a Web-based system for monitoring chronic wounds","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Telemed. J. E Health"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2008.02611.x","article-title":"An assessment of the accuracy and usability of a novel optical wound measurement system","volume":"26","author":"Bowling","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2011.0082","article-title":"Area of the diabetic ulcers estimated applying a foot scanner-based home telecare system and three reference methods","volume":"13","author":"Ladyzynski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2010.00645.x","article-title":"Remote assessment of diabetic foot ulcers using a novel wound imaging system","volume":"19","author":"Bowling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wound Repair. Regen."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.1999.00053.x","article-title":"Digital imaging: An accurate and easy method of measuring foot ulcers","volume":"16","author":"Rajbhandari","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2013.0251","article-title":"Assessment of signs of foot infection in diabetes patients using photographic foot imaging and infrared thermography","volume":"16","author":"Hazenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2007.06.028","article-title":"Skin temperature monitoring reduces the risk for diabetic foot ulceration in high-risk patients","volume":"120","author":"Armstrong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2642","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.11.2642","article-title":"Home monitoring of foot skin temperatures to prevent ulceration","volume":"27","author":"Lavery","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1600","article-title":"Preventing diabetic foot ulcer recurrence in high-risk patients: Use of temperature monitoring as a self-assessment tool","volume":"30","author":"Lavery","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skafjeld, A., Iversen, M.M., Holme, I., Ribu, L., Hvaal, K., and Kilhovd, B.K. (2015). A pilot study testing the feasibility of skin temperature monitoring to reduce recurrent foot ulcers in patients with diabetes--a randomized controlled trial. BMC Endocr. Disord., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-015-0054-x"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.9.3.267","article-title":"Use of liquid crystal thermography in the evaluation of the diabetic foot","volume":"9","author":"Stess","year":"1986","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.17.8.835","article-title":"The prediction of diabetic neuropathic plantar foot ulceration by liquid-crystal contact thermography","volume":"17","author":"Benbow","year":"1994","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2009.0053","article-title":"Feasibility of a thermographic method for early detection of foot disorders in diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Roback","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2294","article-title":"Feasibility and Efficacy of a Smart Mat Technology to Predict Development of Diabetic Plantar Ulcers","volume":"40","author":"Frykberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.8.1292","article-title":"Early identification of diabetic foot ulcers that may require intervention using the micro lightguide spectrophotometer","volume":"22","author":"Rajbhandari","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papazoglou, E.S., Neidrauer, M., Zubkov, L., Weingarten, M.S., and Pourrezaei, K. (2009). Noninvasive assessment of diabetic foot ulcers with diffuse photon density wave methodology: Pilot human study. J. Biomed. Opt., 14.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3275467"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1177\/193229681000400404","article-title":"Near infrared wound monitor helps clinical assessment of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"4","author":"Neidrauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2010.00583.x","article-title":"Prediction of wound healing in human diabetic foot ulcers by diffuse near-infrared spectroscopy: A pilot study","volume":"18","author":"Weingarten","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wound Repair. Regen."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2012.00843.x","article-title":"Diffuse near-infrared spectroscopy prediction of healing in diabetic foot ulcers: A human study and cost analysis","volume":"20","author":"Weingarten","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wound Repair. Regen."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-2246","article-title":"Evaluation of diabetic foot ulcer healing with hyperspectral imaging of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin","volume":"32","author":"Nouvong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2209","article-title":"The use of medical hyperspectral technology to evaluate microcirculatory changes in diabetic foot ulcers and to predict clinical outcomes","volume":"30","author":"Khaodhiar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2010.01184.x","article-title":"Coping and resilience in adolescents with type 1 diabetes","volume":"37","author":"Jaser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2017.05.030","article-title":"Implementation of Depression Screening and Global Health Assessment in Pediatric Subspecialty Clinics","volume":"61","author":"Iturralde","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maisto, M., Diana, B., Di Tella, S., Matamala-Gomez, M., Montana, J.I., Rossetto, F., Mavrodiev, P.A., Cavalera, C., Blasi, V., and Mantovani, F. (2021). Digital Interventions for Psychological Comorbidities in Chronic Diseases-A Systematic Review. J. Pers. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11010030"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/12\/4240\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:52:02Z","timestamp":1760032322000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/12\/4240"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]]},"references-count":114,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14124240"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14124240","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]]}}}