{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:13:22Z","timestamp":1777619602367,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)","award":["RD21\/0009\/0029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD21\/0009\/0029"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)","award":["2022I050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022I050"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU, Recovery, and Resilience Facility (RRF)","award":["RD21\/0009\/0029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD21\/0009\/0029"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU, Recovery, and Resilience Facility (RRF)","award":["2022I050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022I050"]}]},{"name":"Government Delegation for the National Plan on Drugs, Ministry of Health","award":["RD21\/0009\/0029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD21\/0009\/0029"]}]},{"name":"Government Delegation for the National Plan on Drugs, Ministry of Health","award":["2022I050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022I050"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Benzodiazepines (BZDs), commonly used to treat insomnia and anxiety, are increasingly used in Spain, raising concerns due to their potential for abuse and dependence. This study investigates the use of BZDs and other psychotropic medications among healthcare workers, exploring their prevalence, associated factors, and their relationship with mental health issues following the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: An anonymous online survey was conducted among healthcare workers at the Salamanca University Healthcare Complex (CAUSA) from March 2023 to January 2024. Of 1121 participants, 685 provided complete responses, which were analysed. Insomnia, anxiety, and depression were assessed using the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4). Results: Of the respondents, 23.8% reported using sleep medication, with 27.8% doing so without a prescription. Additionally, 14.7% used medication for depression or anxiety, with only 0.6% without a prescription. Hypnotic medicine use was associated with older age, insomnia, anxiety, depression, psychological or psychiatric treatment, COVID-19 after-effects, and diagnosed sleep disorders. Night-shift work was associated with increased hypnotic medication use in men but not in women. The use of these medications was linked to a reduced quality of life and impaired work performance. Conclusions: The use of BZD and self-medication are prevalent among healthcare professionals, exceeding the rates observed in the general population. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted interventions to address psychotropic medication use, promote other pharmacological and non-pharmacological alternatives for insomnia, and enhance mental health support for this vulnerable population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14124266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T06:40:27Z","timestamp":1750056027000},"page":"4266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Benzodiazepine Misuse Among Health Care Workers: The Effect of Sleep Disorders on Work Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1421-7385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Roncero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University (UEMC), Valladolid (Spain), C. del Padre Julio Chevalier, 2, 47012 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Virgen de la Vega, 10 \u00aa Planta, Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Psychiatric Unit, School of Medicine, University of Salamanca (Spain), Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Calle Alfonso X El Sabio s\/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Network of Research in Primary Care of Addictions (RIAPAD), Instituto Carlos III (Spain), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4862-8529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Lorenzo","family":"Bravo-Grande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Virgen de la Vega, 10 \u00aa Planta, Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Occupational Health-Prevention of Occupational Risks, Salamanca Health Area, University of Salamanca Health Care Complex, Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0904-788X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"Andr\u00e9s-Olivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Virgen de la Vega, 10 \u00aa Planta, Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Psychiatric Unit, School of Medicine, University of Salamanca (Spain), Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Calle Alfonso X El Sabio s\/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Psychiatry Service, University of Salamanca Health Care Complex, Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2622-5489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University (UEMC), Valladolid (Spain), C. del Padre Julio Chevalier, 2, 47012 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Trece\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University (UEMC), Valladolid (Spain), C. del Padre Julio Chevalier, 2, 47012 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Pelaez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University (UEMC), Valladolid (Spain), C. del Padre Julio Chevalier, 2, 47012 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1838-1414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lourdes","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Virgen de la Vega, 10 \u00aa Planta, Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Psychiatric Unit, School of Medicine, University of Salamanca (Spain), Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Calle Alfonso X El Sabio s\/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Network of Research in Primary Care of Addictions (RIAPAD), Instituto Carlos III (Spain), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Psychiatry Service, University of Salamanca Health Care Complex, Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0054-035X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Rem\u00f3n-Gallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Virgen de la Vega, 10 \u00aa Planta, Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Psychiatric Unit, School of Medicine, University of Salamanca (Spain), Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Calle Alfonso X El Sabio s\/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6182-1000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Virgen de la Vega, 10 \u00aa Planta, Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Psychiatric Unit, School of Medicine, University of Salamanca (Spain), Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Calle Alfonso X El Sabio s\/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Network of Research in Primary Care of Addictions (RIAPAD), Instituto Carlos III (Spain), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, Pontifical University of Salamanca (UPSA), C\/Compa\u00f1\u00eda, 5, 37002 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S484","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2021.1294","article-title":"Benzodiazepines prescribing in anxiety: Between practice and guidelines","volume":"64","author":"Lagha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. 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