{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T13:38:16Z","timestamp":1793367496235,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: A previous study evaluating convex facial profiles at rest demonstrated that combined orthodontic and orthognathic surgical treatment is more effective in enhancing facial aesthetics compared to orthodontic camouflage alone. The present follow-up study aimed to reassess these findings by incorporating both profile and frontal facial views in the aesthetic evaluation. Methods: This retrospective cohort study sample included 36 consecutively selected patients with convex facial profiles and Class II Division 1 malocclusion. Two groups of 18 non-growing patients with similar characteristics were compared. Group A was treated with orthodontics and orthognathic surgery, whereas Group B was treated with orthodontics exclusively. Pre- and post-treatment profile and frontal facial photographs were simultaneously presented to orthodontists, oral and maxillofacial surgeons, convex profile patients, and laypeople, asking them to assess changes in facial appearance. Results: Significant positive changes in facial appearance were perceived for Group A, in contrast to no changes for Group B, with a difference of 17\/100 visual analogue scale (VAS) units. The rater groups demonstrated a high degree of consistency (ICC &gt; 0.88). Multivariate analysis revealed significant differences in perceived changes between the two treatment groups (F = 14.63, p &lt; 0.001, Pillai\u2019s Trace = 0.36, and partial \u03b72 = 0.36), with no significant effects from the rater group (p &gt; 0.05). Similar results are evident when only profile photos were rated (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: The combined orthodontic and orthognathic surgery approach effectively enhances facial appearance in convex profile cases, whereas orthodontic treatment alone does not result in significant changes. These findings should be clearly communicated during patient consultations and considered in treatment planning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14124277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T06:40:27Z","timestamp":1750056027000},"page":"4277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Aesthetic Impact of Orthognathic Surgery vs. Orthodontic Camouflage in Class II Division 1 Patients with Convex Facial Profile: A Follow-Up Using Combined Frontal and Profile Views"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9497-9215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simos","family":"Psomiadis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9686-7423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iosif","family":"Sifakakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Iatrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3180-6272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Gkantidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0404","article-title":"Facial Attractiveness: Evolutionary Based Research","volume":"366","author":"Little","year":"2011","journal-title":"Philos. 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