{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T03:14:40Z","timestamp":1787800480167,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps (CRSwNPs\/CRSsNPs) is an inflammatory disease that is becoming increasingly associated with laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD). Although symptom-based questionnaires, such as the Reflux Symptom Index (RSI) and Reflux Symptom Score (RSS), are widely used, there is a lack of objective endoscopic tools for assessing the nasopharyngeal and nasal manifestations of reflux. The Nasopharyngeal Reflux Endoscopic Score (NRES) is a novel endoscopic scoring system that was developed to address this issue. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the NRES in identifying LPRD in patients with CRS, compared with a clinical reference standard. Methods: A prospective diagnostic accuracy cohort study was conducted at two tertiary care centers in Astana, Kazakhstan, from September 2023 to February 2025. A total of 216 adults were enrolled and divided into three groups: CRS with suspected LPRD (n = 116), CRS without LPRD (n = 69), and healthy controls (n = 31). CRS was diagnosed according to the EPOS 2020 criteria. LPRD was defined using a composite reference standard comprising clinical assessment, RSS &gt; 13, RSI, and selective 24 h pH monitoring and gastrointestinal endoscopy. All participants underwent nasopharyngeal and laryngeal endoscopy, with NRES, L-K, RFS, RSI, and RSS assessments at baseline and at 6 and 12 months. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic performance, and Wilcoxon tests were used to analyze the changes in scores. Correlation and regression analyses were used to explore associations between scales and predictive factors. Results: At baseline, NRES scores were significantly higher in the CRS with LPRD group (mean: 11.59) than in the CRS without LPRD group (mean: 3.10) and the healthy control group (mean: 2.16) (p &lt; 0.001). ROC analysis demonstrated excellent diagnostic accuracy, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.998 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.994\u20131.000), a sensitivity of 98% (95% CI: 94\u2013100%) and a specificity of 96% (95% CI: 91\u201399%) at an optimal cut-off point of 8.5. NRES scores showed strong correlations with RSI, RSS, and RFS scores (r &gt; 0.76, p &lt; 0.001). A longitudinal assessment revealed significant reductions in all scores after treatment with proton pump inhibitors and lifestyle modifications, with sustained improvement at 12 months. Regression analysis found no significant effect of age, gender, or GERD severity (LA classification) on NRES scores. Conclusions: The NRES is a highly sensitive and specific endoscopic tool for identifying nasopharyngeal changes associated with LPRD in CRS patients. It demonstrates strong correlations with established symptom-based and laryngoscopic reflux assessments and responds to anti-reflux therapy over time. The NRES may, therefore, be a valuable objective adjunct in the comprehensive evaluation and longitudinal monitoring of LPRD-associated CRS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14124293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T05:52:47Z","timestamp":1750139567000},"page":"4293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Diagnostic Accuracy of the Nasopharyngeal Reflux Endoscopic Score (NRES) for Identifying Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Disease in Chronic Rhinosinusitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kalamkas","family":"Sagandykova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cUniversity Medical Center\u201d Corporate Fund, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University (NUSOM), Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Study Group, Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), 13005 Paris, France"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, NpJSC \u201cAstana Medical University\u201d, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nataliya","family":"Papulova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, NpJSC \u201cAstana Medical University\u201d, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gul\u2019mira","family":"Muhamadieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, NpJSC \u201cAstana Medical University\u201d, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talapbek","family":"Azhenov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, NpJSC \u201cAstana Medical University\u201d, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0845-0845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerome R.","family":"Lechien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Study Group, Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), 13005 Paris, France"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, 78180 Paris, France"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University Paris Saclay, 91190 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lechien, J.R., Ragrag, K., Kasongo, J., Favier, V., Mayo-Yanez, M., Chiesa-Estomba, C.M., Iannella, G., Cammaroto, G., Saibene, A.M., and Vaira, L.A. 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