{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T16:56:21Z","timestamp":1778864181138,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University Hospital Basel"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Delirium is a frequent yet pathophysiologically still poorly understood complication in the intensive care unit (ICU) and is associated with adverse outcomes for the patients. Currently, guidelines give several recommendations for treating delirium in the ICU, but to date no sufficient drug treatment exists. Dexmedetomidine, primarily used for anesthesia and sedation in ICUs has shown a preventive effect of delirium compared to other sedatives, such as propofol. We hypothesize that overnight administration of dexmedetomidine may prevent and\/or shorten the duration of delirium in ICU patients. Methods: The Basel propofol dexmedetomidine (BaProDex) Study was a single-center, prospective, randomized controlled trial. We included adult ICU patients with hyperactive or mixed delirium. Patients with delirium prior to ICU admission, advanced heart block, uncontrolled hypotension, or status epilepticus were excluded. The participants were randomly assigned 1:1 to either receive dexmedetomidine (study group) or propofol (control group) as a continuous infusion overnight. The Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (ICDSC) was applied at least three times per day. Delirium was defined as an ICDSC \u2265 4. The study drug was administered until the end of delirium or ICU discharge. The primary endpoint was the time to delirium episode end, which was analyzed using cumulative incidence curves and a cause specific Cox proportional hazards regression with death as a competing risk. Secondary endpoints included recurrence of delirium until 28 days after ICU discharge, death until day 28, severity of ICU delirium, number of ventilation days, ICU length of stay (LOS) in hours, hospital length of stay in days and survival after three and twelve months after ICU discharge. Due to insufficient recruitment the trial needed to be stopped prematurely. Results: In total, 38 patients were enrolled and randomized in the two groups. The median duration of delirium was shorter in the dexmedetomidine group as compared to the propofol group (ITT: 34 vs. 66 h; PP: 31 vs. 66 h), resulting in a hazard ratio of 1.92 (95% CI 0.89\u20134.15, p = 0.097) in the ITT and 2.95 (95% CI 1.27\u20136.86, p = 0.012) in the PP analysis. In the PP analysis, the 28-day mortality was lower in the dexmedetomidine group (1 vs. 5 deaths) and fewer patients needed ventilation (7 vs. 15 patients). Both ICU and hospital LOS were shorter in the dexmedetomidine group (ICU LOS: median 43 vs. 128 h; hospital LOS: median 12 vs. 22 days). Further, mortality up to three and twelve months was lower in the dexmedetomidine group compared to the propofol group (PP: 2 vs. 8 patients died within twelve months, 2 vs. 7 patients died within three months). The recurrence of delirium until 28 days after ICU discharge and severity of delirium were similar in both groups. Conclusions: Despite premature termination, BaProDex provides preliminary evidence for a reduction in the duration of delirium by nocturnal infusion of dexmedetomidine compared to propofol. Therefore, dexmedetomidine may be considered an option to treat hyperactive or mixed delirium in ICU patients. However, due to the small sample size, the study is rather of exploratory nature due to the premature termination, and we cannot rule out that the observed treatment effect is overly optimistic or by chance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14124348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T09:36:00Z","timestamp":1750239360000},"page":"4348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparison of Propofol and Dexmedetomidine Infused Overnight to Treat Hyperactive and Mixed ICU Delirium: A Prospective Randomised Controlled Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Stefan","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6799-1652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexa","family":"Hollinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Achermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5264-6394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie","family":"von Felten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6575-356X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raoul","family":"Sutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"R\u00fcegg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department for Clinical Neurophysiology, Epilepsy and Movement Disorders, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salim","family":"Abdelhamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Glatz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luzius A.","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2013-4140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Siegemund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afr062","article-title":"Who understands delirium?","volume":"40","author":"Maclullich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daou, M., Telias, I., Younes, M., Brochard, L., and Wilcox, M.E. 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