{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T23:29:03Z","timestamp":1788478143210,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Keratoconus (KC) is a progressive non-inflammatory disorder characterized by significant changes in the corneal structure, leading to severe vision loss. Risk factors include eye rubbing, a positive family history, and allergic reactions. There is growing evidence suggesting that sex hormones may influence the development and progression of KC, but the exact mechanisms and extent of their impact remain unclear and controversial. This review aims to examine the current literature on the association between KC and sex hormones and to evaluate the potential of these hormones as clinical markers for diagnosing, prognosticating, and managing KC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14124365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T06:11:07Z","timestamp":1750313467000},"page":"4365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Impact of Sex Hormones on Keratoconus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Droutsas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Ophthalmology, Geniko Nosokomeio Athenon Giorgos Gennematas, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6500-7806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iasonas","family":"Makrypoulias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Ophthalmology, Geniko Nosokomeio Athenon Giorgos Gennematas, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irini","family":"Chatziralli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Ophthalmology, Panepistemiako Geniko Nosokomeio Attikon, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Panagiotopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Laboratory, General Hospital of Athens \u2018Georgios Gennimatas\u2019, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria-Evanthia","family":"Sotirianakou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Ophthalmology, Geniko Nosokomeio Athenon Giorgos Gennematas, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitris","family":"Papaconstantinou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Ophthalmology, Geniko Nosokomeio Athenon Giorgos Gennematas, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108347","article-title":"Ectatic diseases","volume":"202","author":"Correa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. 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