{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T23:24:25Z","timestamp":1777591465353,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation are facilitated by neuromuscular blocking agents. We investigated the effectiveness of subjective clinical evaluation of neuromuscular function on retroglossal area size, since it determines spontaneous ventilation adequacy following tracheal extubation. Secondarily, we correlated changes in retroglossal area and depth of neuromuscular block assessed during both respiratory phases using quantitative neuromuscular monitoring. Methods: Once mechanical ventilation was no longer needed, antagonists were used to reverse the neuromuscular block in 21 consenting patients; adequacy of reversal was assessed subjectively by delivering a sequence of four rapid (2 Hz) electrical stimuli (train-of-four, TOF) to a peripheral nerve and assessing attainment of four equal muscle contractions (TOF ratio = 1.0), signifying normal neuromuscular function. Retroglossal area during both inhalation and exhalation were measured pharyngoscopically at various phases of neuromuscular recovery, including at baseline after anesthesia induction but before neuromuscular block onset and at recovery before tracheal extubation; area changes were correlated with depth of quantitatively measured neuromuscular block. Results: Clinicians\u2019 subjective evaluation of readiness for tracheal extubation failed to identify significant residual block in most patients who required rescue antagonism. Markedly decreased retroglossal areas (inhalation: 39.5% of baseline; exhalation: 20.1% of baseline) were present at extubation, and 11 out of 21 (52.4%) patients needed rescue antagonism. In contrast, in patients with neuromuscular recovery to the currently recommended threshold determined quantitatively (TOF ratio &gt; 0.90), retroglossal areas were only 80% recovered but returned to near baseline values when the TOF ratio \u2265 0.95. Conclusions: Quantitative monitoring should guide the timing of tracheal extubation. Current definitions of the minimal threshold for adequate neuromuscular recovery (TOF ratio &gt; 0.90) after mechanical ventilation in postoperative patients should be re-evaluated. A TOF ratio &gt; 0.95 better correlates with return to normal (baseline) retroglossal area during both inhalation and exhalation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14124374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T09:57:48Z","timestamp":1750327068000},"page":"4374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Relationship Between Neuromuscular Block Depth and Airway Retroglossal Area: A Prospective, Nonrandomized, Observational Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2899-8648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"Asztalos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mena","family":"Boktor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mikl\u00f3s","family":"Kukuly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorka","family":"S\u00f3lyom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5141-8509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrienn","family":"Pongr\u00e1cz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2607-2590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sorin J.","family":"Brull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, San Pablo Rd., Jacksonville, FL 4500, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2541-9740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e9la","family":"F\u00fclesdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-023-02675-0","article-title":"Guidelines to the Practice of Anesthesia-Revised Edition 2024","volume":"71","author":"Dobson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Can. 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