{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T22:49:56Z","timestamp":1780440596324,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":234,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMW) with the Dutch MS Research Foundation (Stichting MS Research)","award":["PTO-95105010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTO-95105010"]}]},{"name":"Dutch MS Research Foundation (Stichting MS Research)","award":["PTO-95105010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTO-95105010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifaceted inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease typified by lesions with distinct hallmarks in the central nervous system. Dysregulation of micro-environmental factors, including extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling and glial cell activation, has a decisive effect on lesion development and disease progression. Understanding the biological and pathological features of lesions would aid in prognosis and personalised treatment decision making. Positron emission tomography (PET) is an imaging technique that uses radio-labelled tracers to detect specific biological phenomena. Recent PET hardware developments enable high-resolution, quantitative imaging, which may allow biological characterisation of relatively small MS lesions. PET may complement MRI by offering objective, quantitative insights into lesion characteristics, including myelin density, inflammation and axonal integrity. Moreover, PET may provide information on lesion traits supporting decision making on upcoming therapeutic strategies for progressive MS, such as the availability of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and ECM composition that affect remyelination and\/or axon regeneration. This review explores the cellular and molecular ECM signatures and neuropathological processes of white matter MS lesions, discusses current and potential novel PET targets that may help characterise MS lesions in vivo, and addresses the potential of PET as a decision tool for selection and evaluation of therapeutic strategies, with a focus on remyelination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14134439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T07:42:34Z","timestamp":1750664554000},"page":"4439","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Future of PET Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis: Characterisation of Individual White Matter Lesions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6825-8679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris W. J.","family":"van der Weijden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3827-7745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan F.","family":"Meilof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Martini Hospital, 9728 NT Groningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"MS Centrum Noord Nederland, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4649-327X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anouk","family":"van der Hoorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6915-1590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik F. J.","family":"de Vries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6673-4766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wia","family":"Baron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"MS Centrum Noord Nederland, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70094-6","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis: Risk Factors, Prodromes, and Potential Causal Pathways","volume":"9","author":"Ramagopalan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(83)90036-X","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis: Distribution of T Cells, T Cell Subsets and Ia-Positive Macrophages in Lesions of Different Ages","volume":"4","author":"Traugott","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. 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