{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:39:54Z","timestamp":1792089594983,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":167,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Skeletal muscle, traditionally recognized for its motor function, has emerged as a key endocrine organ involved in metabolic regulation and interorgan communication. This narrative review addresses the dual role of muscle as a target tissue for classical hormones\u2014such as growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF-1), thyroid hormones, and sex steroids\u2014and as a source of myokines, bioactive peptides released in response to muscle contraction that exert autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine effects. Several relevant myokines are discussed, such as irisin and Metrnl-like myokines (Metrnl), which mediate exercise-associated metabolic benefits, including improved insulin sensitivity, induction of thermogenesis in adipose tissue, and immunometabolic modulations. It also examines how muscle endocrine dysfunction, caused by chronic inflammation, hormone resistance, or sedentary lifestyle, contributes to the development and progression of metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and sarcopenia, highlighting the importance of muscle mass in the prognosis of these pathologies. Finally, the therapeutic potential of interventions aimed at preserving or enhancing muscle function\u2014through physical exercise, hormone therapy and anabolic agents\u2014is highlighted, together with the growing research on myokines as biomarkers and pharmacological targets. This review expands the understanding of muscle in endocrinology, proposing an integrative approach that recognizes its central role in metabolic health and its potential to innovate the clinical management of endocrine\u2013metabolic diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14134490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T05:53:13Z","timestamp":1750917193000},"page":"4490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Muscle in Endocrinology: From Skeletal Muscle Hormone Regulation to Myokine Secretion and Its Implications in Endocrine\u2013Metabolic Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0126-1985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Iglesias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Calle Joaqu\u00edn Rodrigo, 1, Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro Segovia de Arana, Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gharahdaghi, N., Phillips, B.E., Szewczyk, N.J., Smith, K., Wilkinson, D.J., and Atherton, P.J. 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