{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T14:37:16Z","timestamp":1779201436657,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of functional cardiovascular anomalies detected on fetal echocardiography in third-trimester large-for-gestational-age (LGA) fetuses, who were subsequently born as macrosomic newborns with a birth weight exceeding 4000 g. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 1002 fetuses examined during the third trimester at our fetal cardiology center between 2018 and 2024. All fetuses were classified as having \u201cnormal heart anatomy\u201d (NHA). Statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel 2024, Statistica 13.1, and EasyMedStat (version 3.37.1). A p-value of &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The 1002 fetuses were divided into two groups. The study group (NHA-LGA) consisted of 167 fetuses born with a weight of &gt;4000 g and the control group (NHA-AGA) was made up of 835 fetuses with a birth weight between 2500 and 4000 g. In the NHA-LGA group, 24 fetuses (14.4%) experienced ductal constriction (DC), while in the NHA-AGA group, it was 11 (1.3%) fetuses (p &lt; 0.00001). Myocardial hypertrophy was observed in 30 fetuses (18.0%) in the NHA-LGA group versus 72 (8.6%) in the NHA-AGA group (p &lt; 0.0003). Additionally, cardiomegaly was noted in 95 fetuses (11.4%) in the NHA-LGA group, compared to 37 (4.4%) in the NHA-AGA group (p &lt; 0.0004). Conclusions: LGA fetuses with normal heart anatomy may present with functional cardiovascular anomalies, including ductal constriction, myocardial hypertrophy, and cardiomegaly. In our cohort, such anomalies were identified in up to 51% of cases. These findings suggest that targeted fetal echocardiographic screening in macrosomic fetuses could be clinically valuable, even in the absence of structural heart defects, and may aid in the early identification of functional cardiac alterations that could impact perinatal management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14134500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T05:53:13Z","timestamp":1750917193000},"page":"4500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence of Cardiovascular Functional Anomalies in Large-for-Gestational-Age (LGA) Fetuses by Fetal Echocardiography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5571-8535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ucja Hanna","family":"Bia\u0142y","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Students\u2019 Prenatal Cardiology Scientific Group, Medical University of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, 92-213 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oskar","family":"Sylwestrzak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prenatal Cardiology, Polish Mother\u2019s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, 93-338 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Polish Mother\u2019s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, 93-338 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8266-4585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Murlewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prenatal Cardiology, Polish Mother\u2019s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, 93-338 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Soko\u0142owski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prenatal Cardiology, Polish Mother\u2019s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, 93-338 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Polish Mother\u2019s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, 93-338 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3469-7064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwona","family":"Strzelecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prenatal Cardiology, Polish Mother\u2019s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, 93-338 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Fetal Malformations Diagnosis and Prevention, Medical University of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, 90-419 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0238-2172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Respondek-Liberska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prenatal Cardiology, Polish Mother\u2019s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, 93-338 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Fetal Malformations Diagnosis and Prevention, Medical University of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, 90-419 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.20272","article-title":"ISUOG Practice Guidelines: Ultrasound assessment of fetal biometry and growth","volume":"53","author":"Salomon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. 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