{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T22:19:55Z","timestamp":1780525195247,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Second Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland","award":["2F5\/PM2\/16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2F5\/PM2\/16"]}]},{"name":"Center of Postgraduate Medical Education","award":["2F5\/PM2\/16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2F5\/PM2\/16"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading global cause of mortality. The role of calcium (Ca), a key metabolic and structural element, in atherosclerosis and inflammation remains unclear. Ca influences immune cell function and is a component of atherosclerotic plaques. Hair analysis reflects long-term mineral exposure and may serve as a non-invasive biomarker. Objectives: This pilot study aimed to investigate the association between hair Ca levels and acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and to evaluate correlations with the Systemic Inflammatory Index (SII), Systemic Inflammatory Response Index (SIRI), and selected CAD risk factors. Methods: Ca levels were measured in hair samples from patients undergoing coronary angiography for suspected myocardial infarction. Associations with ACS diagnosis, Syntax score, SII, SIRI, and CVD risk factors were analyzed. Results: Serum calcium levels were not significantly associated with the presence of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) (p = 0.392) or with its clinical subtypes, including ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA) (p = 0.225). Diagnosis of ACS was linked to higher SII (p = 0.028) but not SIRI (p = 0.779). Ca levels correlated negatively with Syntax score (R = \u22120.19, p = 0.035) and SII (R = \u22120.22, p = 0.021) and positively with HDL-C (R = 0.18, p = 0.046). Conclusions: Hair calcium content may reflect subclinical inflammation and CAD severity. Although no direct link to ACS was observed, the associations with SII, HDL-C, and Syntax score suggest a potential diagnostic role which should be further explored in larger, well-controlled studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14134537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T06:55:13Z","timestamp":1750920913000},"page":"4537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Hair Calcium Levels in Relation to Coronary Artery Disease Severity and Systemic Inflammation Markers: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9912-3240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewelina A.","family":"Dziedzic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Clinic, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3772-8152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Czernicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Clinic, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2009-2200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub S.","family":"G\u0105sior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Cardiology and General Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Szamreta-Siwicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Bielanski Hospital, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Wodejko-Kucharska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Bielanski Hospital, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Maci\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Bielanski Hospital, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5193-1060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Arbaszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University of Warsaw, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9483-7072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konrad","family":"Adler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University of Warsaw, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1430-397X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Osiecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Bielanski Hospital, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wac\u0142aw","family":"Kochman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Clinic, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, T., Wang, P., Wang, X., Liu, Z., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., Feng, Y., Wang, Q., and Guo, X. 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