{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T21:24:39Z","timestamp":1788211479291,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Frozen shoulder (FS) is a common musculoskeletal condition with significant socioeconomic impact. Despite its prevalence, the condition lacks a definitive understanding and universally effective treatment approach. Objective: To evaluate the effects of an intervention combining manual therapy, conventional exercises, and strategies to improve sleep quality and circadian rhythm on recovery and biomarkers in patients with FS. Methods: A single-blind, randomized, controlled trial was conducted with 34 participants divided into control and experimental groups (n = 17 each). Both groups received manual therapy and conventional exercises, while the experimental group (EG) also received sleep and circadian rhythm optimization instructions. Biomarkers (fasting glucose, insulin, Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA) index, leptin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, uric acid, CRP, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-17, IL-10, IL-33, HMGB1, and TNF-\u03b1) and functional outcomes (SPADI, ROM, and PSQI) were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Results: After six weeks, the EG showed significant improvements in IL-10 levels (mean change: 2.5 pg\/mL vs. 0.5 pg\/mL in the control group (CG), p = 0.03), IL-6 reduction (\u22121.8 pg\/mL vs. \u22120.4 pg\/mL, p = 0.02), and HOMA index (\u22120.8 vs. \u22120.2, p = 0.04). ROM improved by 20 degrees in the EG versus 10 degrees in the CG (p = 0.01), SPADI scores decreased by 25 points versus 15 points (p = 0.03), and PSQI improved by 4 points compared to 2 points (p = 0.05). Conclusion: The integration of sleep quality and circadian rhythm optimization into conventional rehabilitation significantly enhances recovery, particularly IL-10 modulation, but these did not translate into superior clinical improvements within the study period. Further long-term studies are needed to confirm whether early biological effects lead to sustained functional recovery in FS patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14134539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T06:55:13Z","timestamp":1750920913000},"page":"4539","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Impact of a Multimodal Intervention Combining Manual Therapy, Exercise, Reduced Methylxanthine Intake, and Nocturnal Light Avoidance on Inflammatory and Metabolic Profiles, Pain, Functionality, and Sleep Quality in Patients with Frozen Shoulder: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Rafael","family":"Guzm\u00e1n-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine and Public Health PhD Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Av. de la Ilustraci\u00f3n, 60, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0491-9124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"P\u00e9rez-Montalb\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, University of Sevilla, C. Avenzoar, 6, 41009 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2955-4675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leo","family":"Pruimboom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, University Chair in Clinical Psychoneuroimmunology (University of Granada and PNI Europe), 2518 JP The Hague, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4302-1106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Navarro-Ledesma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, University Chair in Clinical Psychoneuroimmunology (University of Granada and PNI Europe), 2518 JP The Hague, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus of Melilla, University of Granada, Querol Street 5, 52004 Melilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maria Carmignano, S. (2022). Frozen Shoulder: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Shoulder Surgery for RC Pathology, Arthropathy and Tumors, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.102117"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-013-0495-x","article-title":"Primary frozen shoulder: Brief review of pathology and imaging abnormalities","volume":"19","author":"Tamai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1996.24.2.66","article-title":"Glenohumeral Gliding Manipulation Following lnterscalene Brachial Plexus Block in Patients with Adhesive Capsulitis","volume":"24","author":"Roubal","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-171010","article-title":"Sleep quality, pain, anxiety, depression and quality of life in patients with frozen shoulder","volume":"32","author":"Toprak","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Back. Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-78522015230200791","article-title":"Correlation between functional disability and quality of life in patients with adhesive capsulitis","volume":"23","author":"Fernandes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Ortop. Bras."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarasua, S.M., Floyd, S., Bridges, W.C., and Pill, S.G. (2021). The epidemiology and etiology of adhesive capsulitis in the U.S. Medicare population. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04704-9"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"297","article-title":"Adhesive capsulitis: Diagnosis and management","volume":"99","author":"Ramirez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1177\/1758573216676786","article-title":"Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: Review of pathophysiology and current clinical treatments","volume":"9","author":"Le","year":"2017","journal-title":"Shoulder Elb."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brindisino, F., Turgut, E., and Struyf, F. (2024). Frozen shoulder: Exploration of terminology and classification. Front. Rehabil. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fresc.2024.1498263"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de la Serna, D., Navarro-Ledesma, S., Alay\u00f3n, F., L\u00f3pez, E., and Pruimboom, L. (2021). A Comprehensive View of Frozen Shoulder: A Mystery Syndrome. Front. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.663703"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"FSO647","DOI":"10.2144\/fsoa-2020-0145","article-title":"Frozen shoulder: Overview of clinical presentation and review of the current evidence base for management strategies","volume":"6","author":"Date","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Sci. OA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navarro-Ledesma, S., Hamed-Hamed, D., and Pruimboom, L. (2024). A new perspective of frozen shoulder pathology; the interplay between the brain and the immune system. Front. Physiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1248612"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-6042.76966","article-title":"Cytogenetic analysis of the pathology of frozen shoulder","volume":"4","author":"Kabbabe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Shoulder Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryan, V., Brown, H., Minns Lowe, C.J., and Lewis, J.S. (2016). The pathophysiology associated with primary (idiopathic) frozen shoulder: A systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-016-1190-9"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.82B5.0820768","article-title":"Expression of growth factors, cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases in frozen shoulder","volume":"82","author":"Bunker","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamed-Hamed, D., Rodr\u00edguez-P\u00e9rez, C., Pruimboom, L., and Navarro-Ledesma, S. (2025). Influence of the metabolic and inflammatory profile in patients with frozen shoulder\u2014Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-025-08706-9"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.06.1136","article-title":"MRI findings of 26 patients with Parsonage-Turner syndrome","volume":"189","author":"Scalf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koreki, A., Sado, M., Mitsukura, Y., Tachimori, H., Kubota, A., Kanamori, Y., Uchibori, M., Usune, S., Ninomiya, A., and Shirahama, R. (2024). The association between salivary IL-6 and poor sleep quality assessed using Apple watches in stressed workers in Japan. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-70834-4"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zpad039","DOI":"10.1093\/sleepadvances\/zpad039","article-title":"Living Legends in Sleep Research Tripping on the edge of consciousness","volume":"4","author":"Krueger","year":"2023","journal-title":"SLEEP Adv."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"370","article-title":"The relationship between shoulder impingement syndrome and sleep quality","volume":"17","author":"Tekeoglu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2000.tb03875.x","article-title":"Returning to the bedside: Using the history and physical examination to identify rotator cuff tears","volume":"48","author":"Litaker","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2012.04.001","article-title":"Is shoulder pain for three months or longer correlated with depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance?","volume":"22","author":"Cho","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elb. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/nure.12146","article-title":"Legitimacy of concerns about caffeine and energy drink consumption","volume":"72","author":"Wesensten","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X13666141210215655","article-title":"Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug?","volume":"13","author":"Cappelletti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laaboub, N., Gholam, M., Sibailly, G., Sjaarda, J., Delacr\u00e9taz, A., Dubath, C., Grosu, C., Piras, M., Ansermot, N., and Crettol, S. (2021). Associations Between High Plasma Methylxanthine Levels, Sleep Disorders and Polygenic Risk Scores of Caffeine Consumption or Sleep Duration in a Swiss Psychiatric Cohort. Front. Psychiatry, 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.756403"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sassone-Corsi, P., and Christen, Y. (2016). Molecular architecture of the circadian clock in mammals. A Time for Metabolism and Hormones, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-27069-2"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1395","article-title":"Constant light desynchronizes mammalian clock neurons","volume":"8","author":"Ohta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2012.658127","article-title":"Clock genes and clock-controlled genes in the regulation of metabolic rhythms","volume":"29","author":"Mazzoccoli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2023.2173606","article-title":"The effect of reducing blue light from smartphone screen on subjective quality of sleep among students","volume":"40","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/10669817.2023.2180702","article-title":"Manual therapy and exercise for adhesive capsulitis: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Kirker","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Man. Manip. Ther."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.806","article-title":"Exercise Therapy Is Effective for Improvement in Range of Motion, Function, and Pain in Patients with Frozen Shoulder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"103","author":"Mertens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2009.2916","article-title":"Frozen shoulder: Evidence and a proposed model guiding rehabilitation","volume":"39","author":"Kelley","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2024.101937","article-title":"Impact of physical therapy techniques and common interventions on sleep quality in patients with chronic pain: A systematic review","volume":"76","author":"Pruimboom","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.21022","article-title":"Guidelines for Reporting Outcomes in Trial Reports: The CONSORT-Outcomes 2022 Extension","volume":"328","author":"Butcher","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2012.01.001","article-title":"Evidence-based clinical guidelines for the diagnosis, assessment and physiotherapy management of contracted (frozen) shoulder: Quick reference summary","volume":"98","author":"Hanchard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.07.025","article-title":"Efficacy of Different Types of Mobilization Techniques in Patients with Primary Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder: A Systematic Review","volume":"97","author":"Noten","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, P., Yang, M., Huang, D., Lin, H., Wang, J., Zhong, C., and Guan, L. (2022). Effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation technique on the treatment of frozen shoulder: A pilot randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-022-05327-4"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A1","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2013.0302","article-title":"Shoulder pain and mobility deficits: Adhesive capsulitis","volume":"43","author":"Kelley","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaudhary, N.S., Taylor, B.V., Grandner, M.A., Troxel, W.M., and Chakravorty, S. (2021). The effects of caffeinated products on sleep and functioning in the military population: A focused review. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 206.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2021.173206"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.3170","article-title":"Caffeine effects on sleep taken 0, 3, or 6 hours before going to bed","volume":"9","author":"Drake","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2023.101764","article-title":"The effect of caffeine on subsequent sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"69","author":"Gardiner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-024-06619-4","article-title":"Chronic Caffeine Consumption, Alone or Combined with Agomelatine or Quetiapine, Reduces the Maximum EEG Peak, as Linked to Cortical Neurodegeneration, Ovarian Estrogen Receptor Alpha, and Melatonin Receptor 2","volume":"241","author":"Abdelmissih","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2006.pto_491.x","article-title":"Effect of caffeine intake 12 or 24 hours prior to melatonin intake and CYP1A2*1F polymorphism on CYP1A2 phenotyping by melatonin","volume":"99","author":"Korhonen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"zsy127","article-title":"Lifetime Coffee Consumption, Pineal Gland Volume, and Sleep Quality in Late Life","volume":"41","author":"JeongBin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tout, A.F., Tang, N.K.Y., Sletten, T.L., Toro, C.T., Kershaw, C., Meyer, C., Rajaratnam, S.M.W., and Moukhtarian, T.R. (2024). Current sleep interventions for shift workers: A mini review to shape a new preventative, multicomponent sleep management programme. Front. Sleep, 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/frsle.2024.1343393"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7734","article-title":"Workplace interventions to promote sleep health and an alert, healthy workforce","volume":"15","author":"Redeker","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1790040403","article-title":"Development of a shoulder pain and disability index","volume":"4","author":"Roach","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-015-0397-z","article-title":"Shoulder pain and disability index: Cross cultural validation and evaluation of psychometric properties of the Spanish version","volume":"13","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"National, S., Network, B., and Red Nacional de Biobancos (2024, March 01). May 2011. Available online: www.redbiobancos.es."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","article-title":"The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A New Instrument for Psychiatric Practice and Research","volume":"28","author":"Monk","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"81","article-title":"Propiedades clinimetricas de la versi\u00f3n castellana del cuestionario de Pittsburgh","volume":"9","author":"Royuela","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vigilia-Sue\u00f1o"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tveit\u00e5, E.K., Ekeberg, O.M., Juel, N.G., and Bautz-Holter, E. (2008). Range of shoulder motion in patients with adhesive capsulitis; Intra-tester reproducibility is acceptable for group comparisons. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-9-49"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tveit\u00e5, E.K., Ekeberg, O.M., Juel, N.G., and Bautz-Holter, E. (2008). Responsiveness of the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index in patients with adhesive capsulitis. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-9-161"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navarro-Ledesma, S. (2025). Frozen Shoulder as a Metabolic and Immune Disorder: Potential Roles of Leptin Resistance, JAK-STAT Dysregulation, and Fibrosis. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14051780"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45341-9","article-title":"A single cell atlas of frozen shoulder capsule identifies features associated with inflammatory fibrosis resolution","volume":"15","author":"Ng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2102715118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2102715118","article-title":"Translational targeting of inflammation and fibrosis in frozen shoulder: Molecular dissection of the T cell\/ IL-17A axis","volume":"118","author":"Akbar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-014-8790-x","article-title":"IL-10 Cytokine Released from M2 Macrophages Is Crucial for Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Acupuncture in a Model of Inflammatory Muscle Pain","volume":"51","author":"Bobinski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miki, S., Suzuki Jichiro Takashima, M., Ishida, M., Kokubo, H., and Yoshizumi, M. (2021). S-1-Propenylcysteine promotes IL-10-induced M2c macrophage polarization through prolonged activation of IL-10R\/STAT3 signaling. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01866-3"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2023.102857","article-title":"Exploration of the clinical course and longitudinal correlations in frozen shoulder: The role of autonomic function, central pain processing, and psychological variables. A longitudinal multicenter prospective observational study","volume":"67","author":"Mertens","year":"2023","journal-title":"Musculoskelet. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjpt.2023.100539","article-title":"Exploration of the clinical course of frozen shoulder: A longitudinal multicenter prospective study of functional impairments","volume":"27","author":"Mertens","year":"2023","journal-title":"Braz. J. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e056563","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-056563","article-title":"Understanding the clinical profile of patients with frozen shoulder: A longitudinal multicentre observational study","volume":"12","author":"Mertens","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-01960-1","article-title":"Circadian rhythm regulates the function of immune cells and participates in the development of tumors","volume":"10","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00010.2018","article-title":"The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease","volume":"99","author":"Besedovsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, M., Zhao, F., Cheng, H., Su, M., and Wang, Y. (2024). Macrophage polarization: An important role in inflammatory diseases. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1352946"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlini, V., Noonan, D.M., Abdalalem, E., Goletti, D., Sansone, C., Calabrone, L., and Albini, A. (2023). The multifaceted nature of IL-10: Regulation, role in immunological homeostasis and its relevance to cancer, COVID-19 and post-COVID conditions. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1161067"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20190418","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190418","article-title":"Biology and therapeutic potential of interleukin-10","volume":"217","author":"Saraiva","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2023.100647","article-title":"Inflammatory hypotheses of sleep disturbance\u2014Depression link: Update and research agenda","volume":"31","author":"Ballesio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun. Health"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1111\/hdi.12035","article-title":"Association between antiinflammatory cytokine, IL-10, and sleep quality in patients on maintenance hemodialysis","volume":"17","author":"Taraz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hemodial. Int."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.05.014","article-title":"Sleep disturbance, sleep duration, and inflammation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies and experimental sleep deprivation","volume":"80","author":"Irwin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3386","article-title":"Circadian control of the immune system","volume":"13","author":"Scheiermann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shivshankar, P., Fekry, B., Eckel-Mahan, K., and Wetsel, R.A. (2020). Circadian Clock and Complement Immune System\u2014Complementary Control of Physiology and Pathology?. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00418"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J.J., Rizk, R., Li, X., Lee, B.G., Matthies, M.L., Bietz, K.A., Kim, K., Huard, J., Wang, Y., and Chen, W.C.W. (2024). Interleukin-10 exhibit dose-dependent effects on macrophage phenotypes and cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction. Front. Physiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1481460"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2019.1032","article-title":"The Role of the Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Interleukin-10 in Tissue Fibrosis","volume":"9","author":"Steen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07098-5","article-title":"IL-10 constrains sphingolipid metabolism to limit inflammation","volume":"627","author":"York","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8917804","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8917804","article-title":"Macrophage Polarization in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Killers or Builders?","volume":"2018","author":"Parisi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.v32.i1.30","article-title":"Role of Interleukin 10 Transcriptional Regulation in Inflammation and Autoimmune Disease","volume":"32","author":"Cheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Timmons, G.A., O\u2019Siorain, J.R., Kennedy, O.D., Curtis, A.M., and Early, J.O. (2020). Innate Rhythms: Clocks at the Center of Monocyte and Macrophage Function. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01743"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1240636","article-title":"Circadian gene Bmal1 regulates diurnal oscillations of Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes","volume":"341","author":"Nguyen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21407","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906361106","article-title":"A circadian clock in macrophages controls inflammatory immune responses","volume":"106","author":"Keller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3934\/Neuroscience.2016.1.67","article-title":"Functions and mechanisms of sleep","volume":"3","author":"Zielinski","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIMS Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.148","article-title":"Sleep Health: Reciprocal Regulation of Sleep and Innate Immunity","volume":"42","author":"Irwin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-011-1044-0","article-title":"Sleep and immune function","volume":"463","author":"Besedovsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shirato, K., and Sato, S. (2022). Macrophage Meets the Circadian Clock: Implication of the Circadian Clock in the Role of Macrophages in Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.826738"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S1575-0973(08)76368-2","article-title":"Neurobiolog\u00eda de las metilxantinas","volume":"10","author":"Moratalla","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trastor. Adict."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-014-0024-9","article-title":"Caffeine Use Disorder: A Review of the Evidence and Future Implications","volume":"1","author":"Addicott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Addict. Rep."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banks, N.F., Tomko, P.M., Colquhoun, R.J., Muddle, T.W.D., Emerson, S.R., and Jenkins, N.D.M. (2019). Genetic Polymorphisms in ADORA2A and CYP1A2 Influence Caffeine\u2019s Effect on Postprandial Glycaemia. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46931-0"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2405924121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2405924121","article-title":"Brighter nights and darker days predict higher mortality risk: A prospective analysis of personal light exposure in >88,000 individuals","volume":"121","author":"Windred","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001226","article-title":"Association Between Outdoor Light-at-night Exposure and Colorectal Cancer in Spain","volume":"31","author":"Espinosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11818-019-00215-x","article-title":"Effects of light on human circadian rhythms, sleep and mood","volume":"23","author":"Blume","year":"2019","journal-title":"Somnologie"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E463","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2098","article-title":"Exposure to room light before bedtime suppresses melatonin onset and shortens melatonin duration in humans","volume":"96","author":"Gooley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/10669817.2021.1955181","article-title":"Efficacy of mobilization with movement (MWM) for shoulder conditions: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Satpute","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Man. Manip. Ther."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70007","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.70007","article-title":"Does Leptin and Insulin Levels Influence Pain and Disability in Subjects with Frozen Shoulder? A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"29","author":"Pruimboom","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/13\/4539\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:59:11Z","timestamp":1760032751000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/13\/4539"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14134539"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14134539","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]}}}