{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T17:16:11Z","timestamp":1774631771417,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"National Institute for Research of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LX22NPO5104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LX22NPO5104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"National Institute for Research of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NW24-01-00285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NW24-01-00285"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health, Czech Republic","award":["LX22NPO5104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LX22NPO5104"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health, Czech Republic","award":["NW24-01-00285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NW24-01-00285"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) represents an increased metabolic risk in future life for both mother and child. We hypothesize free fatty acids (FFAs) and amino acids (AAs) disturbances in plasma during second trimester might be indicating high risk of persisting glucose intolerance (PGI). The aim of study was to determine plasma FFAs and AAs during pregnancy in women with normal pregnancy and GDM and also in post-GDM women with PGI after delivery and to find potential association of altered FFAs and AAs profile with adverse peripartal outcomes and PGI after GDM. Material and Methods: A total of 54 pregnant women were included in the study. Of those 34 participants had GDM. PGI was diagnosed by oGTT up to one year after delivery. Plasma FFAs were determined using GC-FID and plasma AAs levels were determined using CE-MS method. Results: Decreased levels of tetradecanoic acid and several AAs were found in GDM group during pregnancy. Oleic and docosahexaenoic acid correlated positively while almost all AAs negatively correlated with oGTT values in the pregnancy (all p &lt; 0.05, Spearman). Logistic regression model (using AAs, FFAs and BMI) identified higher citrulline and glutamate levels and lower tetradecenoic acid and choline as the best predictors for postpartum PGI. Some differences in AA levels were detected in women with macrosomic babies. Conclusions: Data support a possible link between GDM development and PGI after delivery and selected metabolite levels. The predictive potential of plasma FFAs and AAs levels on a diabetes risk in future life requires further validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14134744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T06:03:13Z","timestamp":1751868193000},"page":"4744","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Some Levels of Plasma Free Fatty Acids and Amino Acids in the Second Trimester Are Linked to Gestational Diabetes and Are Predictive of Persisting Impaired Glucose Tolerance After Delivery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Vendula","family":"Bart\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Pleska\u010dov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1118-7424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luk\u00e1\u0161","family":"P\u00e1cal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monika Skrutkov\u00e1","family":"Langmajerov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jindra","family":"Smutn\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katar\u00edna","family":"Chal\u00e1sov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8476-7740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronika","family":"Eclerov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3426-6117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zden\u011bk","family":"Glatz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate\u0159ina","family":"Ka\u0148kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Tomandl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60731-5","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"373","author":"Bellamy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2014). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes\u20142014. Diabetes Care, 37, S14.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-S014"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S112","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-s202","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms for insulin resistance in normal pregnancy and gestational diabetes","volume":"30","author":"Barbour","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bart\u00e1kov\u00e1, V., Chal\u00e1sov\u00e1, K., P\u00e1cal, L., \u0164\u00e1palov\u00e1, V., M\u00e1chal, J., Jank\u016f, P., and Ka\u0148kov\u00e1, K. (2024). Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in the Second Trimester of Gravidity. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13051260"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alesi, S., Ghelani, D., Rassie, K., and Mousa, A. (2021). Metabolomic Biomarkers in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of the Evidence. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115512"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2018.01.007","article-title":"Metabolomic profiling of women with gestational diabetes mellitus and their offspring: Review of metabolomics studies","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.08.011","article-title":"Maternal and fetal amino acid concentrations in normal pregnancies and in pregnancies with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"192","author":"Cetin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40200-016-0283-1","article-title":"Amino acid profiling in the gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"16","author":"Rahimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3553-4","article-title":"Metabolomic profiling in the prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"58","author":"Huynh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.06.094","article-title":"Intermediate metabolism in association with the amino acid profile during the third trimester of normal pregnancy and diet-controlled gestational diabetes","volume":"196","author":"Pappa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2016.12.018","article-title":"Pregnancy to postpartum transition of serum metabolites in women with gestational diabetes","volume":"72","author":"Chorell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"277","article-title":"Effects of free fatty acids on the course of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"27","author":"Wielgos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.1996.tb02705.x","article-title":"Free fatty acids and gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"36","author":"Meyer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S502314","article-title":"Deciphering the Role of CD36 in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Linking Fatty Acid Metabolism and Inflammation in Disease Pathogenesis","volume":"18","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4329","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI99315","article-title":"Endothelial cell CD36 optimizes tissue fatty acid uptake","volume":"128","author":"Son","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2006.11.043","article-title":"Plasma fatty acid metabolic profiling and biomarkers of type 2 diabetes mellitus based on GC\/MS and PLS-LDA","volume":"580","author":"Yi","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.300.6719.230","article-title":"Analysis of serial measurements in medical research","volume":"300","author":"Matthews","year":"1990","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13449","article-title":"Plasma levels of free fatty acids correlate with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"20","author":"Spiller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, M., Liu, Y., Ronnett, G.V., Wu, A., Cox, B.J., Dai, F.F., R\u00f6st, H.L., Gunderson, E.P., and Wheeler, M.B. (2020). Amino acid and lipid metabolism in post-gestational diabetes and progression to type 2 diabetes: A metabolic profiling study. PLoS Med., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003112"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-05054-x","article-title":"Pregnant women with gestational diabetes and with well controlled glucose levels have decreased concentrations of individual fatty acids in maternal and cord serum","volume":"63","author":"Herrera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.11.008","article-title":"Maternal lipid profile differs by gestational diabetes physiologic subtype","volume":"91","author":"Layton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000632","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2018-000632","article-title":"Individual free fatty acids have unique associations with inflammatory biomarkers, insulin resistance and insulin secretion in healthy and gestational diabetic pregnant women","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.RA117.000121","article-title":"Development of Multimarker Diagnostic Models from Metabolomics Analysis for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)","volume":"17","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Proteom."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.03.034","article-title":"Increased GPR120 level is associated with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"512","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy051","article-title":"A prospective and longitudinal study of plasma phospholipid saturated fatty acid profile in relation to cardiometabolic biomarkers and the risk of gestational diabetes","volume":"107","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bukowiecka-Matusiak, M., Burzynska-Pedziwiatr, I., Sansone, A., Malachowska, B., Zurawska-Klis, M., Ferreri, C., Chatgilialoglu, C., Ochedalski, T., Cypryk, K., and Wozniak, L.A. (2018). Lipid profile changes in erythrocyte membranes of women with diagnosed GDM. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203799"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-016-0901-x","article-title":"Plasma phospholipid fatty acid composition and desaturase activity in women with gestational diabetes mellitus before and after delivery","volume":"54","author":"Burlina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"7098470","article-title":"Plasma Levels of Free Fatty Acids in Women with Gestational Diabetes and Its Intrinsic and Extrinsic Determinants: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"2019","author":"Figueras","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.40.2.S61","article-title":"Impact of maternal fuels and nutritional state on fetal growth","volume":"40","author":"Kalkhoff","year":"1991","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"460","article-title":"Possibility to predict early postpartum glucose abnormality following gestational diabetes mellitus based on the results of routine mid-gestational screening","volume":"25","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bart\u00e1kov\u00e1, V., Bar\u00e1tov\u00e1, B., P\u00e1cal, L., \u0164\u00e1palov\u00e1, V., \u0160ebestov\u00e1, S., Jank\u016f, P., and Ka\u0148kov\u00e1, K. (2021). Development of a New Risk Score for Stratification of Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus at High Risk of Persisting Postpartum Glucose Intolerance Using Routinely Assessed Parameters. Life, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/life11060464"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, J., Hu, P., Li, F., Huang, Y., Yang, Y., Sun, F., Wu, P., Lai, Y., Wang, Y., and He, X. (2025). Circulating linoleic acid and its interplay with gut microbiota during pregnancy for gestational diabetes mellitus. BMC Med., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-025-04061-7"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2024.122744","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis contributes to SCFAs reduction-associated adipose tissue macrophage polarization in gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"350","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/13\/4744\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:04:29Z","timestamp":1760033069000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/13\/4744"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14134744"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14134744","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]}}}