{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:44:06Z","timestamp":1760035446899,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: In the context of facial surgery, particularly reconstructive procedures, sensory recovery is a critical yet often underexplored aspect of functional rehabilitation. Sensory-motor recovery can be considered a key marker of integration following reconstructive surgery. Among sensory modalities, discriminative sensitivity is typically the last to recover, making its evaluation particularly relevant. While established norms for hand sensitivity exist in the literature, there is a paucity of data regarding facial sensitivity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the discriminative sensitivity of the face in a population of healthy women aged 45\u201360 years. Methods: A total of 20 healthy women were included between January and March 2013. Participants had no history of facial pathologies or trauma. Discriminative sensitivity was measured using the Disk-Criminator\u2122 device across eight facial zones. A detailed mapping of the tested areas was performed. Data obtained were compared with the existing literature. Statistical analyses included Shapiro\u2013Wilk tests for normality, followed by Student\u2019s t-tests for group comparisons. To account for small sample size and verify robustness, non-parametric Mann\u2013Whitney U tests were also performed. Adjustment for multiple comparisons was applied using the Bonferroni correction (adjusted \u03b1 = 0.0125). Results: The mean age of participants was 52.3 years (\u00b14.0 years). Discrimination threshold values ranged from 2.9 to 14.3 mm. Comparison with existing studies showed no significant age-related differences in zone 2R (cheek) and zone 8 (lower lip), suggesting stable sensitivity in these regions across adulthood. However, a significant decline in sensitivity with age was observed only in zone 1R (forehead), with a p-value &lt; 0.001 after Bonferroni correction. Conclusions: We established a reference framework for cutaneous discriminative sensitivity across eight facial zones. These norms can serve as a baseline for the assessment and monitoring of patients with facial pathologies. Furthermore, our findings contribute to a better understanding of age-related sensory changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14144884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T11:26:37Z","timestamp":1752233197000},"page":"4884","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Establishment of Norms for Facial Discriminative Sensitivity in Healthy Women Aged 45\u201360 Years: A Reference Framework"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5079-9872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois-R\u00e9gis","family":"Sarhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UR 7516 CHIMERE, Universit\u00e9 de Picardie Jules Verne, 80000 Amiens, France"},{"name":"Physiotherapy School, CHU Amiens-Picardie, 80000 Amiens, France"},{"name":"Maxillo-Surgery Departement, CHU Amiens-Picardie, 80000 Amiens, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Davergne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillo-Surgery Departement, CHU Amiens-Picardie, 80000 Amiens, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Couturaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillo-Surgery Departement, CHU Amiens-Picardie, 80000 Amiens, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"Testelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UR 7516 CHIMERE, Universit\u00e9 de Picardie Jules Verne, 80000 Amiens, France"},{"name":"Maxillo-Surgery Departement, CHU Amiens-Picardie, 80000 Amiens, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"Dakp\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UR 7516 CHIMERE, Universit\u00e9 de Picardie Jules Verne, 80000 Amiens, France"},{"name":"Maxillo-Surgery Departement, CHU Amiens-Picardie, 80000 Amiens, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1007\/s12262-013-1024-z","article-title":"The Impact of Facial Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgeries on Patients\u2019 Quality of Life","volume":"77","author":"Selimen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31820e90c3","article-title":"Pathways of Sensory Recovery after Face Transplantation","volume":"127","author":"Siemionow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1089\/fpsam.2020.0230","article-title":"Improving Outcomes Tracking in Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery","volume":"22","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Facial Plast. Surg. Aesthetic Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-3699(20)30150-3","article-title":"Sensory Rehabilitation after Trigeminal Nerve Injury or Nerve Repair","volume":"13","author":"Meyer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofac. Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.08.004","article-title":"The Cutaneous Sensory System","volume":"34","author":"McGlone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2494.2004.00243.x","article-title":"Sensitive Skin: Mechanisms and Diagnosis","volume":"27","author":"Primavera","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(21)00488-1","article-title":"Management of Peripheral Nerve Problems in the Upper and Lower Extremity Using Quantitative Sensory Testing","volume":"15","author":"Dellon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hand Clin."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000282097.75302.2a","article-title":"Measuring Sensibility of the Trigeminal Nerve","volume":"120","author":"Dellon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(83)80083-5","article-title":"Evaluation of Functional Sensation in the Hand","volume":"8","author":"Kallman","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-198905000-00006","article-title":"Facial Sensibility Testing in the Normal and Posttraumatic Population","volume":"22","author":"Kesarwani","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2009.06.006","article-title":"Extension of Normal Values on Sensory Function for Facial Areas Using Clinical Tests on Touch and Two-Point Discrimination","volume":"38","author":"Vriens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2008.10.026","article-title":"Facial Skin Sensibility in a Young Healthy Chinese Population","volume":"107","author":"Hung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(87)90024-7","article-title":"Assessment of Recovery from Injury to Inferior Alveolar and Mental Nerves","volume":"64","author":"Campbell","year":"1987","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1097\/01.scs.0000171846.19914.15","article-title":"Evaluation of Cutaneous Sensibility on Infraorbital Nerve Area","volume":"16","author":"Sturtz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1177\/019459989310900320","article-title":"Facial Sensibility in Patients with Unilateral Facial Nerve Paresis","volume":"109","author":"Novak","year":"1993","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12532761","article-title":"Structural Changes in Aging Human Skin","volume":"73","author":"Montagna","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1990.tb16120.x","article-title":"Physiological Changes in Ageing Skin","volume":"122","author":"Cerimele","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kijowska, J., Grzegorczyk, J., Gliwa, K., J\u0119dras, A., and Sitarz, M. (2024). Epidemiology, Diagnostics, and Therapy of Oral Cancer\u2014Update Review. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16183156"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(89)90347-2","article-title":"A Comparative Study of Normal Sensibility of the Inferior Alveolar Nerve and the Infraorbital Nerve","volume":"67","author":"Zysset","year":"1989","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2021.11.005","article-title":"Optimizing Skin Tightening in Aesthetics in Men","volume":"40","author":"Albornoz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: Guidelines for Reporting Observational Studies","volume":"370","author":"Altman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00313.2020","article-title":"Tactile Innervation Densities across the Whole Body","volume":"124","author":"Corniani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-012-9429-3","article-title":"Age-Related Changes in Cutaneous Sensation in the Healthy Human Hand","volume":"35","author":"Bowden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Age"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ket140","article-title":"Assessing Tactile Acuity in Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Medicine\u2014How Reliable Are Two-Point Discrimination Tests at the Neck, Hand, Back and Foot?","volume":"52","author":"Catley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Oxf. Engl."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/14\/4884\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:07:28Z","timestamp":1760033248000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/14\/4884"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14144884"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14144884","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2077-0383"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]}}}